<p>not to be confused with Fan Fraith a few miles further east in the Fforest Fawr range</p><br>
<p>Foel Fraith is a hill in the Black Mountain in the county of Carmarthenshire, southwest Wales. It lies within the Brecon Beacons National Park and Fforest Fawr Geopark. Its plateau-like summit attains a height of 602 m above sea level. To the north the subsidiary summit of Cefn y Cylchau reaches 556 ft, and to the southeast is the subsidiary summit of Carn Fadog or Cefn Carn Fadog, which reaches a height of 512 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill has a split personality with its northern slopes dominated by the succession of Carboniferous Limestone rocks and its southern slopes by the Twrch Sandstone (formerly known as the Basal Grit) of the overlying Marros Group, but also dating from the Carboniferous period. In common with the regional trend the rock strata dip moderately to the south though locally the beds overlying the limestone have foundered as this soluble rock has dissolved away over millennia. There is an extensive area of shakeholes across the entire hill. Carn Fadog is similar in character. Its summit plateau conceals three small bodies of water. On its flanks are numerous quarries both for limestone and for gritstone.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The hill is designated as open country so freely accessible to walkers. A long bridleway runs north to south from Cwm Sawdde Fechan to Cwm Twrch on the eastern side of Foel Fraith and Carn Fadog. The Beacons Way from Abergavenny to Llangadog crosses Foel Fraith from east to west.</p><br>
<p>Mullaghcarn is a mountain in the southwest Sperrins, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The peak reaches a height of 542 m , and is the 370th highest in Ireland. Mullaghcarn is in Omagh District Council, on the edge of Gortin Glen Forest Park, and is the most southerly peak in the Sperrins. It is 5 mi northeast of Omagh, and is 3.1 mi south of Gortin.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>Mullaghcarn is steep, and has a rocky summit. The west of the mountain is home to conifers. "Acid" grassland is the most common on Mullaghcarn, and peat is not especially common, due to the draining of the eastern mountain. Heather is most common on the northern slopes. The Red Grouse can be found on heathland around Mullaghcarn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mullaghcarn was home to firing ranges during World War II. These were used by the police and US Army soldiers stationed in the area.</p><br>
<p>Iulia Constantia Zilil  was an ancient Roman-Berber city in Dchar Jdid, located 40 km southwest of Tangier and 13 km northeast of Asilah. It was one of the three colonias in Mauretania Tingitana  founded by emperor Augustus between 33 and 25 BC for veterans of the battle of Actium.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Iulia Constantia Zilil was originally one of many western Berber towns in the province of Mauretania Tingitana. It had then already been a Phoenician and Mauretanian settlement since the 4th century BC. The city was an important station on the Antonine Itinerary. It was located at approximately 40 km south-west of Tangier, 13 km in the north-east of Asilah, close to the present village of Dshar Jdid.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of 2nd century AD, the city was surrounded by an enclosure. It comprised residential districts, a big temple and an amphitheater, outside of the city a thermal unit (built in 80 AD) and a cistern with four compartments, supplied with a partly underground aqueduct (built in 130 AD).</p><br>
<p>The most spectacular monument in Iulia Constantia was that of the early Church of Iulia Constantia Zilil. Featuring three naves, it was equipped with a baptistery and various appendices close to the western door. This old church is the only one found in Atlantic Morocco, and was related to Christian adherence among Romanised Berbers.</p><br>
<p>The city was finally destroyed during the years 410-430 AD, at the time of the invasion of Mauretania Tingitana by Vandal tribes. But evidences show that the city remained populated as a small fishing village until the Arab invasion in the early 8th century.</p><br>
<p>Priest Neals Mass House and Mill Site, also known as Paradice, is a historic Roman Catholic Church located at Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland. It is a stuccoed, -story stone dwelling constructed about 1743 by Jesuits for use as a mission before Roman Catholics obtained freedom of worship under the United States Constitution. The interior floor plan is unique in its combined function as Jesuit priests residence and house of worship: an unusually wide center hall provided meeting space and was flanked by two chambers on the west and a large reception room on the east. On the banks of Deer Creek, is the site of an 18th-century mill which the priests used to generate money to support their endeavors. It is one of the oldest extant buildings associated with the Catholic Church in America.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Berkley School, also known as Hosanna School, is a historic school for African Americans located in Darlington, Harford County, Maryland. It was built in 1867 and is a rectangular two-story, three-bay frame building which rests on an uncoursed rubble-stone foundation. It is one of four structures erected in Harford County in the years immediately following the Civil War for the purpose of educating freed slaves. The school was officially established with funds provided by the Freedmen&#39;s Bureau for construction and teachers salaries. The Harford County School Commissioners took over operation of the School in 1879. It continued to function as a school until 1946 when the school ceased operation. In 1954, Hurricane Hazel destroyed the second story but left the ground floor intact. The second floor was restored in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Little Falls Meetinghouse is a historic Friends meeting house located at Fallston, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It was constructed in 1843 and is a sprawling one-story fieldstone structure with shallow-pitched gable roof and a shed-roofed porch. The building replaced an earlier meetinghouse built in 1773. Also on the property is a cemetery and a one-story frame mid-19th century school building, with additions made post-1898 and in 1975. It features the characteristic two entrance doors and a sliding partition dividing the interior into the mens and womens sides. The Friends currently meet on the former mens side of the meetinghouse, and the womens side is only used for large groups and special occasions.</p><br>
<p>The Little Falls Meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Beacon is a mixed-use development emerging from the rehabilitation of the original complex of the Jersey City Medical Center that also restores historical features of the exterior façades and public interior spaces. It is located on a 14 acre site on Bergen Hill, a crest of the Hudson Palisades and one of the highest geographical points in Jersey City, in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It creates the northeastern corner the Bergen Lafayette Section and is just east of McGinley Square. It includes 2,000,000 ft&sup2; of residential and retail space, approximately 1,200 luxury residences and 80,000 ft&sup2; of retail space. The redevelopment stalled after a down-turn in the market, but was completed by April 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital began as the "Charity Hospital" by the Board of Aldermen of Jersey City who bought land at Baldwin Avenue and Montgomery Street in 1882 for a new hospital. The locale was chosen to remove the hospital from the industrial development at Paulus Hook. This building is now the Medical Center building. It was renamed the Jersey City Hospital in 1885 and had expanded to 200 beds. In 1909, the original hospital building was reserved for men and a second wing was added for women. When Frank Hague became mayor of Jersey City in 1917, he planned to expand the hospital. He had the original building renovated, and by the late 1920s started construction on a new 23-story structure for surgery. The new facility opened in 1931, and George OHanlon was the first director.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, new buildings were added as a Works Progress Administration project secured by Mayor Frank Hague, The Jersey City Medical Center included such architectural and designer trappings as marble walls, terrazzo floors, etched glass, decorative moldings and glittering chandeliers, and had one of the most famous maternity wards in the country – the Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital. The original main hospital building was demolished to make way for two new hi-rise structures. The formal dedication of the Medical Center Complex, including the new B. S. Pollack Hospital building, was on October 2, 1936, with Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicating the building. During the 1950s, JCMC was the home of the medical school of Seton Hall University, which later became the New Jersey Medical School, now located in Newark. Oversized and understaffed, in 1988 the Medical Center declared bankruptcy and became a private, non-profit organization. In 1994, the State of New Jersey designated the Medical Center as a regional trauma center, and in the late 1990s it was approved as a core teaching affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. The hospital and offices moved to a new complex in 2004. Prior to that, one building of the complex, 591 Montgomery Street had been converted for senior assisted-living residence.</p><br>
<p>Metrovest Equities was designated the redeveloper of the property in 2003 and officially closed on it in 2005. The developer converted the ten federally landmarked, Art Deco buildings in the largest residential restoration project in the country and the largest in the history of New Jersey, with an expected cost estimated at $350</p><br>
<p>million.</p><br>
<h2>Use of existing infrastructure and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The rehabilitation of The Beacon represents a massive recycling and adaptive reuse effort. The existing buildings are listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and National Register of Historic Places, and are the largest concentration of Art Deco buildings in the state. Unlike other proposals which had called for the demolition of the buildings, Metrovest intended to restore them to their original glory while simultaneously creating a viable new use using a team of craftsmen and historic preservationists to execute the restoration, which was performed under the Secretary of Interior’s Guidelines for Historic Rehabilitation. This included rebuilding and restoring the buildings’ entire façades using the strictest of methods and materials, and restoring the protected interior spaces. A number of smaller low-rise buildings and utility structures were demolished throughout the complex over the years, and prior to total rehabilitation, especially in the area of Overlook Park, the new parking lots and the shuttle stop area.</p><br>
<p>Painstaking efforts to re-establish the historic grandeur and character of the interior spaces included refurbishing original chandeliers, plaster, decorative painting, marble, elevator door surrounds and windows that were re-gilded with gold leaf. Former Art Deco theaters, lobbies, public corridors, executive offices and meeting rooms were restored, with many of the spaces converted to elaborate amenity offerings for Beacon residents, including Mayor Hague&#39;s former office which now serves as a poker room.</p><br>
<p>The first buildings to be renovated were the Rialto and Capitol buildings, which now serve as residential condominiums and entertainment spaces. The restoration of these two buildings alone was estimated over $133 million and it took over four years to complete. In 2009, the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Historic Preservation Office awarded an Outstanding Contribution of Excellence Award to the contractors and architects and others who participated in the restoration of the Rialto and Capitol buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion</h2><br>
<p>One building of the complex at 591 Montgomery Street had been converted for senior assisted-living residence before Metrovests involvement. The company completed the conversion of the first two buildings by 2008. Named The Rialto and The Capitol after famous theaters, the buildings contain 315 condominium residences, joined by a two-story lobby and a 45,000 ft&sup2; amenity core which features a gym, indoor pool, spa, screening room, and childrens playroom. On the second floor are a restored theater/event space with catering kitchen and a rooftop sundeck. Other restored spaces include a poker room, reading gallery and a billiards hall. The next residential phase opened in 2012. The Mercury building features 126 rental residences. That was followed by the spring 2013 opening of The Orpheum, a 22-story, 158-unit rental building with one and two-bedroom residences offering 14-foot lofted ceilings. Construction continued on the parking garage that features a landscaped rooftop park with views of the Manhattan skyline, completed in late 2013. By early 2014 The Paramount building was next to be finished, with 20 stories of mainly one- and two-bedroom rental units, and its own gym. The final three buildings that were renovated were The Tower by late 2014, The Criterion in 2015, and The Hague by early 2016, all named after famous theaters.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<p>The Beacon’s existing buildings, particularly the former nurses&#39;s residence, formerly called Murdoch Hall, have often been used for filming movies, TV commercials and music videos, including the Robert Redford-directed Quiz Show starring John Turturro and Stanley Tucci’s The Impostors.</p><br>
<p>Richard Price 1992 novel, Clockers, makes a thinly veiled reference to the abandoned Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital on Clifton Place. A "chronicler of Hudson County&#39;s underbelly", Price describes how vandals stripped the hospital interior of artifacts to be sold for scrap.</p><br>
<p>The Bennett-Kelly Farm is an historic home and farm complex located at Sykesville, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The complex consists of a stone and frame house, a stone mounting block, a stone smokehouse, a frame bank barn, a frame wagon shed, a frame chicken house, a concrete block dairy or tool shed, and a stone spring house. The original mid-19th century stone section of the house is three bays wide and two stories high. The house features a one-bay Greek Revival pedimented portico with Doric columns. It is an example of a type of family farmstead that characterized rural agricultural Carroll County from the mid 19th century through the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Bennett-Kelly Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Bwlch y Ddwyallt is the name commonly applied to the high point of the plateau of Gwaun Cerrig Llwydion in the eastern part of the Brecon Beacons in south Wales. It is a top of Waun Rydd.</p><br>
<p>The plateau reaches its highest point of 754m above sea level on its northern rim overlooking the head of Cwm Cwareli. The name is an odd one to apply to a peak since the Welsh word bwlch generally signifies a col or pass between mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The plateau is formed from the hard-wearing sandstones of the Plateau Beds Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period. These beds directly overlie the sandstones of the Brownstones Formation, also of Devonian age, which form the bulk of the hill. The cliffs below Bwlch y Ddwyallt shows signs of having been glaciated during the ice ages as do those beneath Graig Fan Las on the eastern edge of the plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The entire area is classed as open country. The Beacons Way runs along the southern edge of the plateau. Other footpaths skirt the remaining rims of the plateau and connect with neighbouring peaks.</p><br>
<p>Syrna  or Sirna is a small island about 4 km in area to the south-east of Astypalaia in the Dodecanese group of Greek islands near the south-west coast of Turkey. It is mostly covered with juniper and garrigue scrub. The few inhabitants raise stock, catch fish and practice arable agriculture. The island is important for migrant and breeding seabirds and raptors, including Corys shearwater, yelkouan shearwater and Eleonoras falcon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A shipwreck of the late Roman period (2nd century CE) was found using sonar technology near the island by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research in 2000. Hellenic Centre of Marine Research. Retrieved 20 Jan 2009</p><br>
<p>On 7 December 1946, the ship Athina Rafiah carrying Jewish immigrants to Palestine was wrecked in the Agiou Soassin Bay, on the south coast of Syrna, and more than seven hundred survivors came ashore on the island. The British minesweeper HMS Providence, working with HMS Chevron, HHMS Themistocles and HHMS Aegean managed to rescue the survivors.</p><br>
<p>Kastritsa  is a village in the municipal unit of Pamvotida, Ioannina regional unit in Greece. In 2011 its population was 557. It is situated on a hillside near the southern shore of Lake Ioannina. It is situated 2 km southwest of Vasiliki, 3 km east of Katsikas and 7 km southeast of Ioannina. The Egnatia Odos motorway  passes south of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Until 1927 the village was named Barkoumadi or Barkmadi (Μπαρκουμάδι or Μπαρκμάδι), after the Albanian words bark and madh literally meaning big belly and metaphorically "the good eater". In 1927 it was renamed to Kastritsa after the ruins of a castle located near the village.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts found in the vicinity are believed to demonstrate a human presence in the village from the Neolithic age until historic times.</p><br>
<p>The site of ancient Tekmon is recognized as being at Kastritsa or that of Eurymenai (Epirus).</p><br>
<p>West of the village is the height Kastritsa which is rich in artifacts. At the elevation, the following have been found:</p><br>
<p>On the west bank, there is a cave with evidence of occupation dating back to around 20,000 and 10,000 years ago, the new period of the Paleolithic age in Greece. The cave was reported by English archeologists in 1967. In the north side, another cave with paintings from the late Neolithic age. On the foot of the location, it has a tomb of the Late Helladic period.</p><br>
<p>East of the village a settlement has been found in 1948-49, which was reported by S. Dakaris in 1951-52. Artifacts (tombs, ceramic) showed it was settled from the Neolithic age until the historic years. North of the hill features the ancient Acropolis Tekmon (Τέκμον) which used the ancient art with a perimeter of about 3,000 m with 5 entrances, the central entrance is in the northeastern side of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ronkonkoma, Long Island&#39;s largest freshwater lake, is in Suffolk County, New York, United States, and has a circumference of about 2 mi, and is 0.65 mi across on average.</p><br>
<p>A kettle lake formed by retreating glaciers, it is owned by the Town of Islip under the terms of the Nichols Patent. The land around it is controlled by three town governments - Smithtown, Islip and Brookhaven. The separation originated because three different Indian communities claimed lands on different shores, and these claims continued when the tribes gave separate deeds to the land under their control. The name Ronkonkoma comes from an Algonquian expression meaning "boundary fishing-lake", also earlier written as Raconkumake and Raconkamuck.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>Smithtown founder Richard Smith&#39;s original holdings included the headwaters of the Nissequogue River east to a "freshwater pond called Raconkamuck," which translates as "the boundary fishing place" in the Algonquian language. What is now known as Lake Ronkonkoma served as a boundary between lands occupied by four Indian communities: Nissequogues, Setaukets, Secatogues and Unkechaugs.</p><br>
<p>The Smithtown side of the lake was settled by the 1740s, but it was not until the late 1890s that the area gained widespread public attention. Thats when boarding houses and hotels were erected to accommodate a growing number of tourists drawn by claims that the lakes waters had special healing powers. By the 1920s, beach pavilions had sprung up. The Long Island Rail Road, which was completed to nearby Lakeland in 1842 (the depot was moved to Ronkonkoma in 1883), helped transform what had been a sleepy farming hamlet.</p><br>
<p>The Lake was created by a retreating glacier. Portions of its irregular basin are unusually deep for Long Island, but most of the lake is less than 15 ft deep. As a rule of thumb, it is unproductive to fish deeper than 15 ft in Lake Ronkonkoma because there is seldom enough dissolved oxygen to sustain fish beyond this depth.</p><br>
<p>The primary gamefish are Largemouth bass and smallmouth bass.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ronkonkoma holds large Bass but locating them is a challenge due to the scarcity of natural structure to attract these fish. Chain pickerel are extremely rare. In the last two decades, white perch and yellow perch populations have increased to the point of upsetting the ecological balance of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Maximum depth: 65 ft. Area: 243 acre:</p><br>
<p>Species of (Fish) in Ronkonkoma Lake:</p><br>
<p>Largemouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Smallmouth Bass</p><br>
<p>Bluegill</p><br>
<p>Pumpkinseed</p><br>
<p>Black Crappie</p><br>
<p>Yellow Perch</p><br>
<p>White Perch</p><br>
<p>Carp</p><br>
<p>Brown Bullhead</p><br>
<p>Walleye</p><br>
<p>Chain Pickerel</p><br>
<p>There have been unsubstantiated rumors of Piranha being caught in the lake over the past 2 decades. The idea that schools of piranha are ravaging the depths of Lake Ronkonkoma is unfounded and highly unlikely, as there undoubtedly would have been more attacks on bathers and more evidence of devoured fish. Actual specimens "caught" in the lake (or at least presented by people in a glass jar in the mid-1990s) have been either proven to have not come from the lake, or have been Pacu, a different species that looks very similar but is harmless and has a limited presence in the lake. The majority of human interaction (i.e. bites) typically stems from Pike (Esox) which are known to be moderately aggressive, though the Pike are typically located in the marshlands adjacent to the lake off of Portion Road. Bites that have been reported on feet and the lower body in shallow water are likely to have been caused by turtles, which also have a moderately strong presence in the lake and may have a tendency to bite when threatened or irritated.</p><br>
<h2>Summer Resort</h2><br>
<p>Lake Ronkonkoma was a popular Long Island summer resort in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There were a few boarding houses in town. One of the hotels on the lake was the Lake Front Hotel situated on twenty-four acres of land on the lake&#39;s shore. Most of the original settlers and local residents chose to live away from the lakefront. The land one half mile or so beyond the lake was flatter and better suited for farming.</p><br>
<p>Little by little, the lakefront developed into a fashionable haven for the wealthier people who had summer estates there.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Long Island Motor Parkway was completed from Queens to Lake Ronkonkoma. Traveling</p><br>
<p>the winding Motor Parkway to reach the lake in those days was an adventure in itself.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ronkonkoma became an exclusive summer enclave for the wealthy and famous from New York City. All summer long there was boating and swimming at the lake. While the area&#39;s population peaked during the summers, fall activities such as hunting were also popular, although hunting activity began to decline in the 1930s. During the winters, skating parties were often arranged. A favorite game on the ice was Crack the Whip.</p><br>
<p>The perimeter of the lake itself began to change from residential to commercial usage. As the lake front become less exclusive, many longtime residents began to leave the area. In the 1950s, the original owners began to sell their beaches to others. George Raynor, whose family had lived at the lake since the 1840s, owned a parcel of land which later became Raynor Beach. Many of the beach front pavilions, which were left unattended, burned down. On October 4, 1962, Brookhaven Town purchased land for the first town-owned beach on the lake. The unattended sections of beaches began to deteriorate. Rubbish, tin cans and bottles lined the shores in many places. Since the shoreline lay in between three townships, no single entity was willing to take responsibility. A Tri-Town Committee for the Preservation of Lake Ronkonkoma has been formed. The committee has agreed that the three towns would treat the pollution problems as a single problem, affecting all of the Long Island residents.</p><br>
<p> Little Lake  could mean the following :</p><br>
<h2>Lakes</h2><br>
<h3>Antigonish County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Cape Breton Regional Municipality</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Colchester County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Cumberland County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Digby County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake Doucette at</p><br>
<h3>Guysborough County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Halifax Regional Municipality</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Long Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake No Good at</p><br>
<h3>Kings County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Pictou County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Region of Queens Municipality</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Lunenburg County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Richmond County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Shelburne County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Victoria County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h3>Yarmouth County</h3><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake at</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>*Little Lake Brook in Region of Queens Municipality at</p><br>
<p>*Little Lake Brook in Kings County at</p><br>
<p>Meadow Brook Farm, also known as the John Roop Farm or Samuel Roop Farm, is a historic home and farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. The complex consists of the Victorian farmhouse and several period outbuildings including an 1809 two-story brick washhouse, brick smokehouse, brick privy, and brick tenant house. The house is a two-story brick structure that was built in the Pennsylvania German style about 1805. It has the typical gable roof, symmetrical façade, and "L"-shaped plan In 1868, the exterior and interior were remodeled to contemporary rural Victorian standards. The house was built during a period of significant immigration of Pennsylvania Germans into Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In mid December 2016 the house was vandalized causing an estimated $100,000 worth of damage.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Royer House is a historic home located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland, United States. It was built about 1828, and served dual functions as a farmhouse and a Church of the Brethren meeting house. The house is two stories of brick, with a five-bay by two-bay main section and a three-bay long central rear wing. The rear wing features a double-tiered inset porch on both sides in the two bays adjoining the main section of the house. Also on the property are a late 19th-century corn crib and a large 20th-century barn. The features distinguishing this as a meeting house are the double entrance on the main facade, the folding wood-panel partition walls that open to provide single large space and the extensive kitchen facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Royer House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The McLean House in Appomattox, Virginia is within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. Then owned by Wilmer McLean and his wife Virginia, the house near the end of the American Civil War served as the location of the surrender of the Confederate army of Robert E. Lee on April 9, 1865, after a nearby battle. The reconstructed house was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The McLean House was originally built by Charles Raine in 1848. Eliza D. Raine&#39;s estate sold the house to Wilmer McLean in 1863. It had formerly been a tavern (not to be confused with the nearby Clover Hill Tavern, which Raine had previously owned). One of the first battles of the American Civil War took place on the farm of Wilmer McLean at Bull Run, Virginia, the First Battle of Bull Run (First Battle of Manassas). Soon after that battle the McLeans, seeking to avoid the war, moved to the village of Clover Hill, Virginia (the name of which was changed to "Appomattox Court House," having just become the county seat). Because of the name of the village, many mistakenly think the surrender was signed in the courthouse building. (In years past, the county seats of many rural counties, especially in Virginia, had names that were simply the name of the county plus "Court House&quot some of these remain today. The courthouse is about 3 mi) from the Appomattox Station where the trains came into Appomattox, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Because the First Battle of Bull Run, fought on July 21, 1861, took place on Wilmer McLeans farm about 120 mi to the north in Virginia, it can be said that the Civil War started in McLeans backyard in 1861 and ended in his parlor in 1865. (Neither event, however, marked the true beginning or ending of hostilities.) McLean was a retired major in the Virginia militia. He was too old to enlist at the outbreak of the Civil War and decided to move to get away from the Civil War. After the war, he would say of himself that he moved because he loved peace, but he made a small fortune running sugar through the Union blockade. He was also a slave owner, and there are slave quarters next to McLeans house. Nonetheless, in the morning of Palm Sunday April 9, 1865, the war came back to McLean when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at his home. His house was also used on April 10 for the Surrender Commissioners meeting, and over the next few days as the headquarters of Major General John Gibbon of the United States Army.</p><br>
<p>The terms of surrender were: "The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental commander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands,"... neither "side arms of the officers nor their private horses or baggage" to be surrendered; and, as many privates in the Confederate Army owned horses and mules, all horses and mules claimed by men in the Confederate Army to be left in their possession. The table and chairs used by Lee and Grant when negotiating the surrender are now part of the collections of the Chicago History Museum and of the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History. After the surrender, many Union soldiers purchased some of McLeans furniture; however, some was stolen. McLean sold pictures of his house after the Civil War; however, he failed financially.</p><br>
<p>Although he had made a considerable fortune smuggling sugar, McLeans money was in Confederate currency, which became worthless with the collapse of the Confederacy, and he was nearly ruined by the end of the war. In the fall of 1867 the McLeans left Appomattox Court House was returned to Mrs. McLeans estate in Prince William County, Virginia. The banking house of Harrison, Goddin, and Apperson of Richmond, Virginia, obtained a judgment against Wilmer McLean when he defaulted on loans against the property. The house, by then known as the "Surrender House", was sold at public auction on November 29, 1869, and purchased by John L. Pascoe. Records show he then rented it to the Ragland family of Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The renter Nathaniel H. Ragland then purchased the property for $1,250 in 1872. After Nathaniel died in 1888, his widow Martha sold the property in 1891 for $10,000 to a Captain Myron Dunlap of Niagara Falls, New York. Dunlap and some other investors who participated devised a few plans intending to capitalize on the notoriety of the property. One idea was to completely take apart the wooden house and move it to Chicago as an exhibit for the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition of 1893. This plan fell through due to lack of total interest of all the investors involved.</p><br>
<p>Another scheme they came up with later was to move the disassembled house to Washington, D.C. to become a permanent display as a Civil War museum.</p><br>
<p>There they would charge entrance fees to view the "surrender house" that ended the Civil War. They hired architects to measure drawings including elevations. They also hired contractors for materials specifications lists. The house was disassembled piece by piece and packed for shipping. At this point the investors involved ran out of money and legal problems came about. This scheme also never was brought to fruition. The house, now just heaping piles of boards and bricks, sat prey to vandals, collectors, and the environment for fifty years.</p><br>
<p>Appomattox Court House National Historical Monument was created by Congress on April 10, 1940. It included approximately 970 acre at the village once known as Clover Hill. The meticulous reconstruction archeological work began at the site in 1941 amongst overgrown brushes and honeysuckle. One of the first steps was to collect historical data so architectural plans could be drawn up to work from. From the original materials salvable the project included some five thousand original bricks.</p><br>
<p>The project came to an abrupt stop on December 7, 1941, with the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces. The United States entered into World War II. Bids for the reconstruction of the McLean House were reopened on November 25, 1947 and work continued. Eighty four years after the historic surrender, reuniting the country, the McLean House was opened by the National Park Service for the first time to the public on April 9, 1949. In front of a crowd of approximately twenty thousand people a speech was given by Pulitzer Prize winning historian Douglas Southall Freeman. A ribbon was cut by the guests of honor at the dedication ceremony by Major General Ulysses S. Grant III and Robert E. Lee IV on April 16, 1950.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Bacon Custer&#39;s will states:</p><br>
<p>quote</p><br>
<p>A McLean house marker is at the front gate to the house. The inscription reads:</p><br>
<p>quote</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The McLean House has meaningful value because of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. It also preserves the distinctive characteristics as embodying the period and method of construction typical in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century as well as being typical of a county government seat of that time period. It also represents a typical farming community in Virginia of the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern with its guest house and slave quarters are structures within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. They were registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The tavern originally opened in 1819 on the Richmond-Lynchburg Road for travelers and is the oldest original structure in the village of Appomattox Court House, with the exception of the Sweeney Prizery outside of the local of the village but within the Park. It became a popular stopping point for the stagecoach. The Clover Hill Tavern inn grew and farmhouses grew up around it soon after it opened. It was built by Alexander Patteson and his brother Lilburne Patteson as a stagecoach stop for the line between Cumberland County and Lynchburg. The land came with an existing small frame dwelling which they used as the headquarters for their stagecoach business.</p><br>
<p>There was much optimism after the War of 1812. The brothers made considerable money since there was a good economic boom starting in 1815. Clover Hill developed into a thriving commercial village with many people passing through into the "frontier states", such as Kentucky, Tennessee, and Indiana. Lilburne had died in 1816. In 1819 Alexander built a -story, four-bay structure as his main residence for his large family. This also served as a tavern. Patteson also built a three-story tavern guest house to go with the tavern. The residence became the Clover Hill Tavern with the guest house converted into an additional dining room and additional guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was the residence of Captain John Raine and his wife Eliza in the 1840s. In 1839 the Raines purchased half interest in the tavern and the accompanying 206 acre for $1,525 from the estate of Alexander Patteson, who died in 1836. In 1840 they purchased the other half interest of the property for the same price from the estate of Lilburne Patteson. The stagecoach was stopping twice every day at the tavern during the week and once during the weekend. In spite of this, through poor management of running the tavern business, he ultimately had to sell the property to his brother Hugh in 1842 for the balance of the overdue notes on the property. The 1840 USA Census of Prince Edward County shows the Raine family consisted of 10 children, 7 boys and 3 girls.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, when Appomattox County was established, a post office was formed and the original "court house" was built along with law offices and other government related businesses. The village of "Clover Hill" changed its name to "Appomattox Court House". In 1846, Samuel D. McDearmon bought the Clover Hill Tavern. The village had approximately 150 people throughout the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>In 1865 on Palm Sunday, the rapidly approaching end of the Civil War changed the prosperity of the Clover Hill Tavern with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant. The Generals arranged a meeting to be held in town at the McLean House so Lee could formally surrender his troops to Grant, effectively ending the American Civil War. Approximately thirty thousand paroles for the Confederate soldiers were printed in the Clover Hill Tavern.</p><br>
<p>At the time of General Lee&#39;s surrender to Union commander Grant in 1865 the Tavern and its associated outbuildings were owned by Wilson Hix.</p><br>
<p>Billy Hix, Wilson&#39;s son, was the sheriff of the village of Appomattox Court House (aka: Clover Hill) then. Brigadier General George H. Sharpe, as head of the Bureau of Military Information and Assistant Provost Marshal, made the Clover Hill Tavern his headquarters starting on April 10, 1865. Sharpe was designated by Grant to oversee the printing of parole passes which were issued to the Confederate veterans. Research by historians of the Park reveal that perhaps the paroles were printed in the wooden dining room wing at the wen end of the Tavern that no longer is there.</p><br>
<p>The Clover Hill village ("Appomattox Court House") of the 1850s consisted of the Clover Hill Tavern, the Old Appomattox Court House, two blacksmith shops, the original county jail, the Jones and Woodson law offices, the Plunkett-Meeks Store, two stables, the McLean and Peers homes and some cabins.</p><br>
<p>Clover Hill Tavern inscription on a marker at the front entrance reads:</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern with its guest house and slave quarters have special meaning in American history as designated by the National Park Service under their criteria by embodying the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction in the mid nineteenth century. The buildings and resources constitute a typical farming community of Virginia as well as a government seat (county "court house" seat) of the nineteenth century in the United States. They were all registered and documented in the National Register of Historic Places on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Physical description</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern is constructed of local brick laid in a Flemish bond. The 2-story structure has a full attic. It is thirty-nine feet wide by twenty-three feet deep. The south facade is four-bays with a full-length porch. The porch is supported on brick foundation piers.</p><br>
<p>The wood shingle roofs cover both the porch and building. The wood shingle roof on the main building is supported by a corbelled brick cornice.</p><br>
<p>The gable ends have rakes with dentils. The east and west gable ends have external, centered, brick chimneys. The wood paneled doors have fan lights above are found on the south and west sides. There is original stenciling and painting exposed on the plaster in the western room stair enclosure. There is evidence of graining on all the interior trim.</p><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern structure has four bays on each floor. It has a full length porch on the first floor which is supported on brick foundation piers. The windows are non-operable louvered with two panels. The west side has an entrance with the south side being the main entrance. The rear of the building is identical to the front, except in reverse. The building has a full attic and no cellar. The Clover Hill Tavern was restored in 1954 by the Park.</p><br>
<h2>Guest house and kitchen</h2><br>
<p>The guest house and kitchen associated with the Clover Hill Tavern was originally constructed around 1819.</p><br>
<p>The self-standing separate structure is located northwest of the Clover Hill Tavern, which was refurbished in 1954 and preserved in 1995. The first floor was an additional kitchen and the second story was used for additional guest rooms. It is thirty two feet wide and eighteen feet deep. It has a full finish attic, but no cellar.</p><br>
<p>The south side has four bay windows on the second floor with two board and batten doors at the center flanked sash windows. The first floor has three bay windows with two board and batten doors with one sash window at the west end. There are steps to the second porch at the east end of the first floor. The gable end elevations have centered projecting chimneys with no openings. There are two rooms on each of the first two stories. There is a huge fireplace in the bigger room on the first floor. The fireplace has an original iron crane and no trim nor mantel. The other room on the first floor also has a fireplace. The baseboards in the rooms are almost six inches high and come with a quirk bead. There is only an exterior staircase to the upper stories. A wood shingle gable roof with a box cornice covers the 3-story guest house structure.</p><br>
<h2>Clover Hill Tavern slave quarters</h2><br>
<p>The Clover Hill Tavern slave quarters is a single-story frame cabin with an attic that was originally constructed in 1819. It is fifteen feet wide by twenty eight feet deep. It is four bays with a central fireplace and chimney. The cabin is sheathed in random board and batten. The roof is square-butt wood shingles and finished with plain box cornices and rakeboards.</p><br>
<p>The slave quarters contributes to the Tavern and the Clover Hill village scene as it was at the time of the surrender of General Lee to General Grant in 1865. The present structure is a reconstruction of the 1819 slave quarters that was rebuilt in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Brown, Ann Eckert, American Wall Stenciling, 1790–1840, UPNE, 2003,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Chaffin, Tom, 2006. Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, Hill and Wang/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926–1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>The Old Appomattox Court House is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. In the 1800s, this structure gave the surrounding village the name, Appomattox Court House. The 1865 surrender at the nearby McLean House was significant in ending the American Civil War. The court house was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989. It is located on Virginia State Route 24, three miles  northeast of the town of Appomattox in Appomattox County, Virginia, where the "new" Appomattox Court House is located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original "old" Appomattox Court House was the first county seat of Appomattox County, Virginia. It was built in 1846, one year after Appomattox County was established, at what was known then as Clover Hill, Virginia. It was the second government public structure built after Appomattox County became official. It was in the center of the village on a large green lot surrounded by the Richmond-Lynchburg stage road.</p><br>
<p>The reconstructed "old" Appomattox Court House is now the visitor center for the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. On the first floor is the information desk. On the second floor is a museum and the auditorium. An interpretive video presents the events of General Lees Confederate Army of Northern Virginias surrender to Lieutenant General Grant. Civil War weapons are on display and there are many photographs relating to the event. The "old" Appomattox Court House was reconstructed in 1963 and 1964 as the park&#39;s visitor center and information desk for the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The original county "court house" played no role in the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant as it was Palm Sunday and the court was closed for the day. The actual surrender took place at the McLean House. The National Park Service states that the Old Appomattox Court House is of paramount importance by virtue of its association with the site. It is vital under certain criteria of the National Park Service and by virtue of its creation of the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park by federal law. It represents the participation of the federal government in the preservation and commemoration of historically significant events.</p><br>
<h2>Description of old "court house"</h2><br>
<p>The reconstructed Old Appomattox Court House is a two-story structure of running bond brick with a raised second floor main entry. There is a second story east and west entry porch. The building has newel posts and balusters. The four-panel entry doors on the main level are flanked by 12/12 double hanging sash windows. The size of the structure is fifty feet wide by forty feet deep. It has three bays with a hipped flat-seam roof with wood trusses.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilt edifice has a brick paved first floor beneath the second floor hipped-roof porch with brick cast stone steps and cast iron railings. The lower level has a similar layout with a smaller four-panel door flanked by 8/8 double hanging sash windows. The end elevations have two internal chimneys flanked by 8/8 double hanging sash windows on the first floor with three 8/8 double hanging sash windows on the second level. There is a third sash window located in the center. All the windows of the "court house" have shutters.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Chaffin, Tom, 2006. Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, Hill and Wang/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>de:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>es:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>it:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>ja:アポマトックス・コートハウス</p><br>
<p>pl:Appomattox Court House</text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Charles Sweeney Cabin is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Sweeney was the cousin of Joel Sweeney, the person that popularized the five-string American banjo. In the 1840s the Sweeney clan lived on the stagecoach road northeast of Clover Hill, the name of the village now known as the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. John Sweeney, a wheelwright and Charles brother, lived in the old family home on the north bank of the Appomattox river with his wife and four children. When Joel was not touring the country entertaining he would stay at Johns cabin. Just up the road the four children of Johns, being nephews and nieces of Charles, could see their uncles small cabin. Charles lived in the tiny cabin with his wife and two remaining children. Charles Sweeney&#39;s older son Robert, a left-handed fiddle player, lived in even a smaller cabin with his wife and baby daughter downhill from John. Charles Sweeney was born in 1794 as was his wife, Mary.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service states the Charles Sweeney Cabin is meaningful by virtue of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. There is some evidence, in the form of a circa 1930 post card, which indicates that General Fitzhugh Lee and his staff stayed in this house the night before the Surrender. It was originally built between 1830 and 1840 by Charles Sweeney, altered between 1940 and 1950, and restored in 1988 and 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Sweeney Cabin is a single-story one-room structure with a loft. It is about twenty feet wide by about eighteen feet deep. The cabin is a post and beam hall house set on dry-laid fieldstone pier foundation, typical of what was in rural Virginia in the nineteenth century. The hall house consists of a "hall" or keeping room, that was the main room of the cabin. It served as an assortment of various rooms when needed; consisting of a living room, dining room, kitchen, workroom and bedroom. Cooking was done in a fireplace that was set to one end of the large room.</p><br>
<p>A rough, crudely quoined, fieldstone chimney extends to the second floor and above with brick. There are windows on the north, south and east sides. The south and east sides have single four-paneled doors. The interior of the cabin is in good condition. The roof is made of oak shakes, square-butted, and is supported at the eaves by a box cornice. The ends are covered with scribed end boards.</p><br>
<p>The one-room interior of the Charles Sweeney Cabin has a loft accessible in the northwest corner by a dog-leg stairway. The stairway has many of its original balusters. It also has original trim on the stringers, the structural member of the stairway that supports the treads and risers. The square newel and rail are formed from one piece of an oak branch. There is a small closet under the staircase that has its original four-paneled door with concave, quarter-circle corners on the raised panels.</p><br>
<p>All the inside of the "hall" room exposed to the eye is whitewashed. The door and window surrounds suggest the cabin was intended to be, but never was, plastered. The east side has a four-paneled door which is flanked by 6/6 double hanging sash windows. The east side has a single centered four-panel door on the main floor that opens directly into the multi-purpose keeping room. Above is a six-light (eight foot by twelve inch) casement. The north side has a single 6/6 double hanging window. Hewn oak L-formed corner posts and knee braces alternate with the secondary members made of pine.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Farrar, Stuart McDearmon, Historical Notes of Appomattox County, Virginia, self-published by Farrar, 1989, Original from the University of Virginia</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office, also known as the Lorenzo D. Kelly House,</p><br>
<p>The one room structure is historically significant to the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park and was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office was originally constructed about 1850 for the law office and village home of Crawford Jones, Appomattox County farmer, attorney, and local secessionist leader. Early in 1854 he began sending one of his slaves into the village to purchase cotton handkerchiefs and cakes of "Yankie" soap. From the slave he learned of cheap rents Samuel D. McDearmon was charging for places</p><br>
<p>in the village of Appomattox Court House (then known also as Clover Hill). He decided to get a village law office for convenience, since it would be closer to the courthouse for him than where he normally lived.</p><br>
<p>In his book A Place Called Appomattox, historian William Marvel describes history of the building as follows:</p><br>
<p>Later in his book Marvel describes further history of the building showing the distressing financial situation of the owner:</p><br>
<h3>Crawford Jones</h3><br>
<p>Jones made his regular home at his familys plantation. In 1850 William A. Jones (subjects father) had 66 slaves at this plantation. Crawford Jones (subject of article) had five slaves as of 1860 when he was 29 years old. He inherited several more slaves after his fathers death, which he co-owned with his mother. Crawford was living at his fathers plantation in 1850 but on his own in 1860, according to USA Census for Appomattox County. He died in the summer of 1863 leaving his wife, Elizabeth, with the law office in the village.</p><br>
<h3>Lorenzo D. Kelly</h3><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office has the name of the Lorenzo D. Kelly house and was misidentified by the National Park Service in their 1989 National Register of Historic Places Registration application.</p><br>
<h3>John Robertson (Robinson)</h3><br>
<p>Around 1867 John Robertson (a black shoemaker) and his wife lived in the structure with three children. In November 1869 there was a fourth child added to the Robertson family, all living in this one-room building in the village. The Civil War historian William Marvel uses the spelling Robertson, while the National Park Service uses the spelling Robinson.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Appomattox Court House National Historical Park declares there are three of the National Register Criteria that make the structure historically significant.</p><br>
<p>Criteria A - It has meaningful value because of its association with the site of the surrender of the Confederacy&#39;s supreme military commander and its principal army, which represented the conclusion of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Criteria B - It has meaningful value because of its association with the site of the surrender of Gen. Robert E. Lee and his subordinate commanders to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, future President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Criteria C - It preserves the distinctive characteristics of embodying the period and method of construction typical in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century. It is considered typical of a county government seat and of a typical farming community in mid-nineteenth century Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jones Law Office is a single story structure furnished on the first floor as a simple home of a mid-nineteenth century craftsman. It has a centered entry door with a single window on the side. The hall house is one room deep and is of post and beam construction. The house comes with a full attic and a raised cellar. It is about twenty one and a half feet wide and seventeen and a half feet deep. The west side elevation is centered with an end gable exterior sandstone chimney. It has an enclosed cellar entry with a shed roof.</p><br>
<p>The typical single residence one story pedimented house has an entry porch at the center entry. It is sheathed in unpainted weatherboards with five to five and a half inch exposure. The gable roof is covered with round-butt wood shingles with box cornice and crown moulding at the eaves and simple rake with ogee moulding at the gable ends. The first floor windows are 6/6 double hung sashes without shutters. A similar 6/9 double hung sash window is on the principal floor. The attic story on the gable ends has four-light upward-swinging casement sashes. The basement sashes are four-light hoppers.</p><br>
<p>The rear door on the south side has a centered four-paneled door providing to the first floor and another pair of cellar casements of three light.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance on the north side has a porch with facing pediment covered in clapboards with two six-inch square posts and two six foot by three inch pilasters, simple one foot by three-quarter inch balusters. It has a heavy rounded rail on the side only and four riser steps. Flanking the porch to the west is a 6/9 sash window. No windows have shutters. The interior has been restored, however due to its age it has little integrity. The structure exterior was restored in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Chaffin, Tom, 2006. Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, Hill and Wang/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Peers House is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Peers House was constructed in 1855. Samuel D. McDearmon originally sold the house to William Abbitt, who then in turn sold the house to D. A. Plunkett in 1856. When General Lee surrendered to General Grant the house on a hilltop overlooking the village of Appomattox Court House, once owned by Sheriff Plunkett, was owned and occupied by a George Peers. Peers was able to obtain the house at public auction for non-payment of loans in 1870 after Plunkett&#39;s death.</p><br>
<h3>George T. Peers</h3><br>
<p>George T. Peers was a well known Appomattox County clerk for some forty years. Historian Nathaniel Ragland Featherston writes in his book Appomattox County History and Genealogy that between the close of the Civil War and the time the original "court house" burned down (1892) there was a group of a dozen or so town&#39;s people in the village of Appomattox Court House that socially were like one big happy family. Among one of these key village people was Peers.</p><br>
<p>Historian William Marvel writes in his book A Place Called Appomattox that Peers was the longest standing court clerk. He says Peers remembers the "court house" as standing forty feet square as he drew a map of the village of Appomattox Court House ("Clover Hill").</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service states that the Peers House has importance by virtue of its association with the site of General Robert E. Lee&#39;s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The Confederate soldiers marched past the house on the Richmond-Lynchburg Stage Road to go into battle on April 9, 1865. This is where they stacked their arms on April 12, 1865. One of the last artillery shots fired by the Confederate Northern Virginia killed Lieutenant Hiram Clark of the 185th New York Infantry near the Peers house on the morning of April 9, 1865.</p><br>
<p>The Peers House embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction of mid-nineteenth century rural Virginia. The building with its resources is considered typical of both a county government seat and of a farming community in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Peers House has many of the same characteristics as the Bocock-Isbell House, which is nearby. The two story house is thirty four feet wide by eighteen feet deep and is of post and beam construction. It is built on a brick raised basement almost 6 feet above grade. The house is finished with a narrow wood siding with an almost five inch exposure. The house comes with an attic.</p><br>
<p>The Peers House has single step external end chimneys and with its narrow wood siding. The west side has a temple form entry porch raised to the first floor. There are simple box posts that support the pedimented gable over the porch. The porch gable and main roof are covered with square-butt wood shingles and covers a four-paneled entry door. The windows are a combination of 8/8, 8/12 (first floor west side), 6/9 and 6/6 sash windows. The east side has a porch with a shed roof on the first floor. The house was completely renovated in 1954 and is currently used as staff housing.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox - Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House is a structure within the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. It was registered in the National Park Service&#39;s database of Official Structures on June 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House has major importance to the Appomattox Court House National Historical Park by virtue of its association with the history and the site of General Robert E. Lees surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant of the American Civil War. It was constructed in 1849 to 1850 by Thomas S. Bocock and Henry F. Bocock, brothers. Thomas was a member of the United States Congress and Speaker of the Confederate House of Representatives. At the time Henry was Clerk of the Court for Appomattox County. Lewis Daniel Isbell (1818-1889) was Appomattox County Commonwealth Attorney during the American Civil War (Judge later) and occupied the house at the time General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in 1865. He was Appomattox Countys representative to the Secession Convention of 1861 and voted to secede from the Union.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House has importance because of its distinctive characteristics of a type, period, and method of construction during the nineteenth century in rural Virginia. The building with its resources associated with the Bocock–Isbell House are typical of both a county government seat ("court house") in Piedmont Virginia in the mid-nineteenth century and of a farming community in Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House is much like the Peers House. The post and beam house is a three bay two-story structure. The Bocock–Isbell House is nineteen feet wide by fifty feet deep with a raised basement of brick laid in common bond. The gable roof is covered with wood shingles. The house frame is sheathed by weatherboards. The southeast closet extension has a shed roof, is two and a half feet by six and a half feet.</p><br>
<p>The north (entrance) porch has a flat roof of nearly fifteen feet by ten and a half feet. The south porch has a tin shed roof twenty feet by ten and a half feet. Both porches are on brick piers. The exterior of the house is restored and the interior is reconstructed. The first-floor, second-floor and basement windows are 6/6 DH. The first and second floor windows have shutters. The north facade entry door is a wood door with four raised panels, with a fifteen-light transom above.</p><br>
<p>The Bocock–Isbell House was restored in 1948 to 1949 and preserved in 1992 to 1993. Work was done on it again to stabilize it in 1995 and again it was preserved in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Bradford, Ned, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Plume, 1989</p><br>
<p>Carroll, Orville W., Historic Structures Report Part III, Architectural Data Section on Mariah Wright House, Appomattox Court House National Historical Park. Ms. on file, National park Service, Chesapeake and Allegheny Systems Support Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1965</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, A Stillness at Appomattox, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 53-9982,</p><br>
<p>Catton, Bruce, This Hallowed Ground, Doubleday 1953, Library of Congress # 56-5960</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, The Civil War: Strange & Fascinating Facts, Wings Books, 1960 & 1982,</p><br>
<p>Davis, Burke, To Appomattox – Nine April Days, 1865, Eastern Acorn Press, 1992,</p><br>
<p>Farrar, Stuart McDearmon, Historical Notes of Appomattox County, Virginia, self-published by Farrar, 1989, Original from the University of Virginia</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, Appomattox County History and Genealogy, Genealogical Publishing Company, 1998,</p><br>
<p>Featherston, Nathaniel Ragland, History of Appomattox, Walsworth Bros., Printers, Marceline, Missouri, 1948</p><br>
<p>Fiero, Kathleen, Archeological Research Mariah Wright House Outbuildings, Historic Roads. National Park Service, Denver Service Center. Denver, Colorado, 1983</p><br>
<p>Glassie, Henry H., Vernacular Architecture, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Gutek, Patricia, Plantations and Outdoor Museums in America&#39;s Historic South, University of South Carolina Press, 1996,</p><br>
<p>Hosmer, Charles Bridgham, Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States by the University Press of Virginia, 1981</p><br>
<p>Howard, Blair et al., The Virginia Handbook, Hunter Publishing, Inc, 2005,</p><br>
<p>Kaiser, Harvey H., The National Park Architecture Sourcebook, Princeton Architectural Press, 2008,</p><br>
<p>Kennedy, Frances H., The Civil War Battlefield Guide, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990,</p><br>
<p>Korn, Jerry et al., The Civil War, Pursuit to Appomattox, The Last Battles, Time-Life Books, 1987,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, A Place Called Appomattox, UNC Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>Marvel, William, Lee&#39;s Last Retreat, UNC Press, 2006,</p><br>
<p>McPherson, James M., (book)Battle Cry of Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1988,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, Appomattox Court House: Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Virginia, USA Dept. of the Interior, 2002,</p><br>
<p>Schlegel, Marvin W. and Carroll, Orville W., Historic Structures Report Part I, Administrative, Historical, and Architectural Data Mariah Wright House, Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Service, Chesapeake and Allegheny Systems Support Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1959</p><br>
<p>Tidwell, William A., April &#39;65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War, Kent State University Press, 1995,</p><br>
<p>Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, Tyler&#39;s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, 1952</p><br>
<p>Weigley, Russel F., A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865, Indiana University Press, 2000,</p><br>
<p>de:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>es:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>it:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>nl:Appomattox Court House</p><br>
<p>ja:アポマトックス・コートハウス</p><br>
<p>pl:Appomattox Court House</text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Mount Keith is a mountain on the crest of California&#39;s Sierra Nevada, between Mount Bradley to the north, and Junction Peak to the southwest. Its north and west facing slopes feed the Kings River watershed by way of Bubbs Creek, and its east and south slopes feed the Owens River via Shepherd Creek. By the same dividing line, Keith stands on the boundary of Kings Canyon National Park to the northwest, and the John Muir Wilderness to the southeast. It is a thirteener, a mountain which has a height over 13000 feet.</p><br>
<p>The peak was named for artist and Sierra Club member, William Keith, by Helen Gompertz (later Helen LeConte) in July 1896.</p><br>
<p>The first ascending party consisted of Cornelius Beach Bradley, Jennie and Robert Price, and Joseph Shinn. Scrambling over boulders and scree from the upper lakes of Center Basin, they made the summit by the Northwest Face route on July 6, 1898.</p><br>
<p>The Richards Medical Research Laboratories, located on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, were designed by architect Louis Kahn and are considered to have been a breakthrough in his career. The building is configured as a group of laboratory towers with a central service tower. Brick shafts on the periphery hold stairwells and air ducts, producing an effect reminiscent of the ancient Italian towers that Kahn had painted several years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Rather than being supported by a hidden steel frame, the building has a structure of reinforced concrete that is clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight. Built with precisely-formed prefabricated concrete elements, the techniques used in its construction advanced the state of the art for reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<p>Despite observable shortcomings, this building helped set new directions for modern architecture with its clear expression of served and servant spaces and its evocation of the architecture of the past. The Richards Laboratories, along with the associated Goddard Laboratories, which were also designed by Kahn and are treated by architectural historians as the second phase of the Richards project, have been designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the University of Pennsylvania decided it needed a new medical research building, the dean of fine arts recommended Louis Kahn, a highly regarded professor of architecture on the faculty there who had been exploring new approaches for modern architecture. Kahn received the commission for the building in 1957, and it was completed in 1960. It was named the Alfred Newton Richards Medical Research Laboratories Building in honor of a noted researcher and former chairman of the Department of Pharmacology. It quickly received widespread acclaim from the architectural community but also criticism from the scientists who occupied it.</p><br>
<p>Completed when Kahn was almost 60, this was his first work to achieve international acclaim. In 1961 the Museum of Modern Art sponsored an exhibition devoted exclusively to it, describing it in a brochure as "probably the single most consequential building constructed in the United States since the war." In 1962, Vincent Scully, an influential professor of architecture, called it "one of the greatest buildings of modern times."</p><br>
<p>The David Goddard Laboratories were also designed by Louis Kahn and were completed in 1965. Although considered to be separate buildings by the university, the Richards and Goddard Laboratories are physically connected and, with similar designs, have the appearance of being a single unit. The Goddard building is generally treated by architectural historians simply as the second phase of the Richards project. It was named in honor of David Rockwell Goddard, a professor of Botany who also served as university provost and who was the main force in planning and raising funds for it.</p><br>
<p>The Richards Medical Research Laboratories and the David Goddard Laboratories were together declared a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009. They are also contributing properties to the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In the Richards building, laboratories are housed in three towers attached in pinwheel formation to a central fourth tower that houses mechanical systems, research animals, stairs and elevators. Each laboratory tower has eight floors, each of which is a 45 foot (13.5 m) square that is entirely free of stairs, elevators and internal support columns. Each tower is supported by eight external columns that are attached to the four edges of each floor at "third-point" locations, the two points on each side that divide it into three equal parts. That placement resulted in four column-free cantilevered corners on each floor, which Kahn filled with windows. The support structure of these towers consists of pre-stressed concrete elements that were fabricated off-site and assembled on-site with a crane.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the sides of the laboratory towers are large vertical shafts, some of which hold exhaust ducts and some of which hold stairwells. These shafts, the most striking aspect of the building&#39;s exterior, are made from cast-in-place concrete and clad with brick.</p><br>
<p>In contrast to the three laboratory towers, which have prominent windows and intricate structures that were assembled from prefabricated elements, the central tower of the Richards building, the one devoted to service functions, has few windows and a structure that is a single unit of cast-in-place concrete. Attached to its wall farthest from the three laboratory towers are four large air intake shafts, each bringing air to one of four conditioning units on the tower&#39;s roof from a "nostril" near the ground, far away from the emissions at the tops of the exhaust shafts. Three of those conditioning units provide fresh air for the three laboratory towers and the fourth serves the central service tower itself.</p><br>
<p>The Goddard building has the same basic design as Richards. Its two laboratory towers and service tower (for stairs, elevators, etc.) are connected in a straight line to the westernmost tower of the Richards building. A research library is located in Goddards upper floors with reading carrels that cantilever from the buildings face.</p><br>
<p>Emily Cooperman, a specialist in historic preservation on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, authored the document that nominated the Richards and Goddard buildings together as a National Historic Landmark. In it she says that "observers immediately understood them to be a profound statement of American architectural style that provided a potent design alternative to International Modernism, chiefly as it was embodied in the work of Mies van der Rohe (and in particular as it was epitomized by his Seagram Building)". This design alternative was provided, she notes, through their clear expression of served and servant spaces, their evocation of the architecture of the past, and their structure of reinforced concrete that is clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight, approaches that "countered the philosophy of International Modernism of undifferentiated, universal space and volume and of the minimization of the appearance of weight and load through such constructional devices as the glass curtain wall and the predominance of structural steel."</p><br>
<p>According to Thomas Leslie, author of Louis I. Kahn: Building Art, Building Science, "he debates that it inspired and the legions of designers who sought to learn from its example made Richards—for all its well-documented flaws—among the most influential of Kahn&#39;s works."</p><br>
<h3>Served and servant spaces</h3><br>
<p>Robert McCarter, author of Louis I. Kahn, says, "A breakthrough building for Kahn, this design saw his first clear articulation of the concept of servant and served spaces". The served spaces are the laboratories themselves. The servant spaces are the independently structured shafts for ventilation and stairways that are attached to the outside of the laboratory towers and also the two service towers, which house elevators, animal quarters, mechanical systems, and other auxiliary areas. Kahn spoke critically of laboratories that were designed so that numbers on doors along a corridor are the only distinction between the scientists&#39; main work areas and the areas for stairs, animal quarters and other services.</p><br>
<p>By placing service areas in separate structures, Kahn not only honored the services by giving them their own architectural presence but also enhanced the interior of the laboratory towers by removing obstructions from within. This concept has been an acknowledged influence on several younger architects, especially Richard Rogers, who took this idea even farther and designed or co-designed major buildings with service areas fully exposed on the exterior, such as the Lloyd&#39;s of London building and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.</p><br>
<h3>Evoking the past</h3><br>
<p>Carter Wiseman, author of Louis I. Kahn: Beyond Time and Style, says the perfection of form achieved by Modern architecture at that time had seemingly led the profession to a creative dead end, a situation he summarized by noting that, "There was really nowhere to go from the elegantly reductive principles of Mies van der Rohes Seagram Building." Kahn, who up to this point had been an influential professor of architecture but not yet a major architect, had been teaching that part of the problem was that too many architects were turning their backs on the past. With the Richards Medical Research Laboratories Kahn showed a way forward with a design that was clearly in the Modern style and yet evoked images from the past. The buildings towers in particular reminded many observers of the centuries-old towers of San Gimignano, Italy, which Kahn had painted several years earlier. Wiseman says, "the Richards towers offered the tantalizing possibility that the heart could be restored to the mind of Modern architecture, largely through the acknowledgement that history—at least in abstracted form—still had something to offer."</p><br>
<p>While studying the classic architecture of Italy, Greece and Egypt during a visit in the early 1950s, a few years prior to his work on the Richards Laboratories, Kahn was so moved by the results that had been obtained in the past by thick and massive building materials that he decided to forego the thin and light-weight materials that were most typical of Modern architecture and instead base his work on concrete and masonry. The Richards building, with its structure of concrete, is accordingly reminiscent of the past not only in appearance but also in substance. Moreover, much of it is faced with red brick, a standard building material of earlier times, especially on college campuses, but one that was almost never used in important Modern buildings at that time.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>In contrast to buildings in the style of International Modernism, which typically had structures of relatively light-weight steel frames that were often hidden behind glass walls, the laboratory towers have concrete structures that are clearly visible and openly depicted as bearing weight. The structure was engineered by August Komendant, a pioneer in the use of pre-stressed concrete. This was the first of several outstanding buildings that Kahn and Komendant worked on together, two of which won the prestigious Twenty-five Year Award given by the American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>The structure of the Richards building is composed of 1019 pre-stressed concrete columns, beams, trusses and related items that were trucked in from a factory, assembled with a crane like childrens blocks, and locked into place with post-tensioning cables running in all three dimensions, something like an old-style toy that is floppy until its parts are pulled together tightly with a string. In line with his belief that structure should be made visible, Kahn exposed these structural parts on the buildings exterior and in the laboratory ceilings. For the post-tensioning to be effective, the prefabricated concrete parts had to be precisely dimensioned and perfectly formed. Komendant worked closely with the manufacturer to ensure that outcome, with the result that the largest offset between any two elements in the finished structure was only 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). The Architectural Record noted that the precision achieved seemed more typical of cabinet making than concrete construction.</p><br>
<p>The entryway for the Richards building is in the middle laboratory tower. Kahn left the entire ground floor of that tower open as an entry porch and exposed the structural elements in its ceiling so the public could see how the building was constructed. Particularly interesting are the Vierendeel trusses that support each floor and whose large rectangular openings allow ducts and pipes to be easily routed through the laboratory ceilings.</p><br>
<h3>Shortcomings</h3><br>
<p>Although widely recognized by the architectural community as embodying important new ideas, the Richards Laboratories had significant shortcomings from the viewpoint of the scientists who worked there. Part of the problem was Kahns lack of experience with the design of research laboratories. Kahn hoped the scientists who were to occupy the new labs would provide him some direction during exploratory meetings, but he noted that they seemed more interested in asking him questions than in giving definite answers to the questions he asked them. Komendant recalled that Kahns first question to him during this project was, "Doctor, what is a medical laboratory? Have you had any experience in this field?"</p><br>
<p>Because the building was intended to serve several departments, Kahn found himself having to satisfy several department heads who did not always agree among themselves, and he had to do so without the benefit of a strong overall project leader. Significantly in light of later criticisms about excessive heat and sunlight in the labs, these last-minute cost-cutting changes included a reduction in insulation, the elimination of window blinds and the replacement of insulated glass with regular glass.</p><br>
<p>The best-known shortcoming is the glare of sunlight in many of the labs. Kahn fervently believed in the importance of natural light and strongly preferred to work by a window himself, "refusing to switch on an electric light even on the darkest of days." Although he designed the labs to have an abundance of natural light, he was aware of the potential of having too much sunlight and worked to prevent it. The screening material that he planned to use, however, was cut from the budget, and glare has been a persistent issue. The occupants have handled the problem in uncoordinated fashion by taping sheets of paper to the windows, hanging curtains and placing shelves and equipment in front of the windows. A major preoccupation of Kahn&#39;s subsequent career was finding ways of avoiding glare by providing natural light indirectly.</p><br>
<p>Another shortcoming stemmed from Kahn&#39;s belief that scientists would work better in an open studio setting if given the chance. He designed each floor of the laboratory towers potentially as one large room and trusted that the scientists would see the desirability of keeping it that way to encourage the interchange of ideas. Most scientists disliked that approach, however, preferring privacy and even secrecy, so partitions were put in place on almost all floors. Kahn was so sure that his approach was the right one that he continued to speak of it afterwards as an important aspect of the design.</p><br>
<p>Kahn left the carefully organized pipes and ducts in the ceilings of each floor fully exposed to view, partly as an architectural statement and partly to make it easier to reconfigure laboratory equipment when necessary. Several departments installed dropped ceilings anyway; the microbiology labs, which require strict dust control, were especially in need of them. The partitions and dropped ceilings together interfered with the planned air circulation patterns in the towers, a problem that was not resolved until a renovation in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Because of a reduced budget for the Goddard building, Kahn was forced to make some changes to its design that have reduced its interest to architectural historians, who have written much less about it than about the Richards building. Differences between the two buildings are especially noticeable in the cantilevered corners of the laboratory towers, which have a plainer aspect in the Goddard building. In addition, the administration required Kahn to work on the Goddard building in association with an engineering and construction firm, leaving him unable to assert his usual painstaking control over the construction process and resulting in a lower standard of finish detail. Plywood was used to create the forms for poured concrete in the Goddard building, for example, whereas Kahn had used carefully selected planks for that purpose at Richards to create a more interesting concrete finish. As a result, the Goddard building "employs a simplified and visually heavier precast structural system" than the Richards building and "does not possess the same elegant character".</p><br>
<p>Launch Pad 0, Pad 0 or LP-0, also known as Launch Complex 0, Launch Area 0 or LA-0, is a launch complex at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport  on Wallops Island, Virginia in the United States. MARS is located adjacent to NASA&#39;s Wallops Flight Facility , which ran the launch complex until 2003. WFF continues to provide various support services to MARS launches under contract with the Commonwealth of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The launch complex consists of two individual launch pads, LP-0A and LP-0B.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pad 0A</h3><br>
<p>LP-0A was first built for the failed Conestoga rocket program.</p><br>
<p>The original launch tower was subsequently demolished in September 2008.</p><br>
<p>A new pad facility was built from 2009-2011 for Orbital Sciences Taurus II, now renamed Antares.</p><br>
<p>Pad modifications for Antares included the construction of a Horizontal Integration Facility for launcher/payload mating and a wheeled transporter/erector that will roll out and erect the rocket on its launch pad about 24 hours prior to launch.</p><br>
<p>The first launch of Antares occurred on April 21, 2013.</p><br>
<p>The pad was reinforced with pilings and features a liquid fueling facility, flame trench, and deluge system for cooling and sound suppression. The pad is capable of supporting a gross liftoff weight of 453.6 metric tons and can launch payloads of up to 5,035 kg into low Earth orbit</p><br>
<p>On October 28, 2014, an Orbital Systems Antares rocket, flying as mission Cygnus CRS Orb-3, crashed 6 seconds after takeoff and appeared to have done significant damage to the launch pad itself. On October 29, 2014, teams of investigators began examining debris at the crash site. By May 2015, estimates had been revised down to around $13 million. At that time, NASA had committed $5 million, Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority committed $3 million and Orbital ATK $3 million. Repairs were underway and planned to be completed by September 2015, but repairs were only funded up to August with Virginia CSFA requesting that Orbital provide the remaining $2 million. On September 30, 2015, the spaceport announced repairs on pad 0A had been completed.</p><br>
<p>The launch pad resumed flight operations with the Cygnus CRS OA-5 mission on October 17, 2016.</p><br>
<h3>Pad 0B</h3><br>
<p>LP-0B became operational in 1999,</p><br>
<p>and was subsequently upgraded in 2003 with the construction of a mobile service tower, which was completed in 2004.</p><br>
<p>It is active, and is currently used by Minotaur rockets. The first launch from LP-0B was of a Minotaur I in December 2006,</p><br>
<p>and was the first launch from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport.</p><br>
<p>Vector Space Systems announced on October 19, 2017 that their upcoming Vector-R rocket will be conducting three launches in the next two years, with an option for 5 additional launches, from pad 0B.</p><br>
<p>The Warner elevator row is a group of historic wood-cribbed grain elevators, with three elevators in a row running south to north, adjacent to the Canadian Pacific Railway line from Great Falls, Montana to Lethbridge, Alberta at the east entrance of the village of Warner, Alberta, Canada. At one time, the row had seven elevators.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>Many once-common wood-crib grain elevators in Canada have been torn down. Warner has three elevators, and the Inglis elevator row in Manitoba has five. Warner&#39;s elevators are not protected. In 2014, two of the elevators were demolished.</p><br>
<p>Before 1911, Warner had two elevators: one a 30,000 impbu house built by the Alberta Pacific Elevator Company, and the other a 25,000 impbu elevator built by Jones and Dill. In 1913, the first elevator in the remaining group was built by the Alberta Farmers&#39; Co-operative Elevator Company. The structure and history of each elevator was influenced by developments in the grain industry and its companies from before World War II to the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The Warner elevators date from 1913 to 1960. The row included an early example of the Alberta Farmers Co-operative Elevator Company design and examples of complex component arrangements: elevator and twin, elevator and annexes and original and replacement offices. The row has two complexes, with a total of three elevators. The 1939 elevator built by the Ellison Milling and Elevator Company is an architecturally-significant example of an essentially-unchanged 1940s complex consisting of an elevator, two balloon annexes and a track-side office and warehouse (usually from an earlier period). A small number of late-1930s elevators remain in Alberta, a reminder that few were built for some time after 1934. This elevator was demolished in the early 2000s. The Warner elevator row is included in Jim Pearsons book, Grain Elevators of Eastern Saskatchewan.</p><br>
<h2>Grain elevators</h2><br>
<p>Warner&#39;s grain elevators consisted of four complexes, with a total of six elevators. With the exception of the United Grain Growers elevator, they were little-modified and several have small scales and air dumps on site. The first elevator was built in 1911, when the Canadian Pacific Railway reached Warner.</p><br>
<h3>Demolitions</h3><br>
<p>From 1999 to 2014 six elevators were demolished, reducing the row to two complexes with a total of three elevators.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The United Grain Growers elevator and annex were built between 1957 and 1960, and the complex was licensed for 134,000 impbu in 1960. It was UGG&#39;s second elevator at Warner; the first was sold to Alberta Pool Elevators in 1928. The elevator was upgraded during the late 1980s, including the installation of a new leg which required raising part of the cupola; the metal bin annexes on the south side and drag auger date from that time. A cyclone dust collector and truck-loading spout have been installed, and a roofed track-side warehouse on the north side was probably built at the same time as the elevator.</p><br>
<p>A demolished 1950 elevator built by X. C. Hadford Company was licensed as a 15,000 impbu seed elevator in 1952. In 1992, it was licensed as a 240-tonne primary elevator.</p><br>
<p>The 35,000 impbu, 31 xx Alberta Farmers Co-operative elevator was built in 1913. Before its demolition, it was one of the two oldest examples of standard Alberta Farmers Elevator Company 1913–1917 design. It had a pyramidal roof, with a gable-roofed cupola housing the head of the leg. Archival photographs of other Alberta Farmers&#39; Co-operative Elevator Company facilities suggest that this elevator originally had a track-side office and warehouse next to the elevator.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the United Farmers of Alberta proposed the establishment of the Alberta Farmers Elevator Company as a solution to producer problems in the province. Shares were issued to farmers at $60 each, payable in four annual installments. The Alberta government provided loans of 85 percent of the share sum. To market their grain and guarantee their loans during rapid wartime expansion, the Alberta Farmers Co-operative Elevator Company relied on the experience of the Grain Growers Grain Company of Manitoba. In 1917 the companies merged to form the United Grain Growers, headquartered in Winnipeg, Manitoba.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 the UGG sold their 1913 Warner elevator to the Alberta Pool Elevator Company. A coal shed associated with the elevator since 1926 was sold in 1940 and removed from the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 a 35,000 impbu balloon annex, built by the F. W. McDougall Construction Company, was added to the elevator and later removed. In 1951, the elevator was twinned with a new 38 xx, 60,000 impbu elevator built by the pool; a new driveway was also built at this time. Both elevators have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 Alberta Wheat Pool elevator was built by Voss Bros for the Alberta Pool Elevator Company in accordance with the standard 40,000 impbu plan at a cost of $15,300. It measured 34 xx; a balloon annex built on the south side in 1940 was removed in 1995. The elevator has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>A 45,000 impbu elevator was built in 1918 by the Alberta Pacific Grain Company, replacing a pre-1911 Alberta Pacific Elevator Company structure. It may have had an annex, since it was licensed in 1918 for 60,000 impbu and for 45,000 impbu in 1922. In 1953 a 23,000 impbu annex (removed in 1997) was attached to the elevator&#39;s north side, and a second annex was added six years later. In 1967, the elevator was taken over by Federal Grain; the following year Federal built a new elevator, twinning it with the 1918 structure and moving the 1959 annex to the south side of the new elevator. A driveway the length of both elevators was also built at this time. In 1972 the complex was sold to Alberta Wheat Pool, and in the summer of 1997 it was the AWP No. 4 house.</p><br>
<p>The 1968 65,000 impbu Federal Grain elevator measures 38 xx, with an electronic scale and an exterior loading spout for trucks. It was among the last elevators built according to the traditional design, before the single composite design came into widespread use.</p><br>
<p>A 35,000 impbu elevator was built by Ogilvie Flour Mills in 1929. A 30,000 impbu balloon annex was added in 1940, followed by a 25,000 impbu annex twelve years later. One annex was removed in 1997, and the elevator has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>A 40,000 impbu elevator was built by the Ellison Milling and Flour Company in 1939, with annexes probably built during World War II as temporary storage. In 1974 it was sold to Parrish & Heimbecker, and to UGG in 1985. The elevator has been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The River Seeve is a tributary of the Elbe in northern Germany. It is approximately 40 km long. Its source is near Wehlen in the northern part of the Lüneburg Heath. It flows into the Elbe in Over, Seevetal. The municipality of Seevetal is named after this river.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Seeve source is located south-east of Undeloh, Wehlen in the northern part of the Lüneburg Heath at an elevation of aubout 67 metres. It passes Holm, Lüllau, Jesteburg, Bendestorf, Ramelsloh, Horst, Lindhorst, Hittfeld, Karoxbostel, Glüsingen, Maschen and Hörsten. It then flows into the Elbe between Over and Wuhlenburg.</p><br>
<p>In Holm and Horst there are barrages to drive watermills.</p><br>
<p>Just before joining the Elbe, the Seeve passes the natural reserve Untere Seeveniederung.</p><br>
<h2>Water</h2><br>
<p>The Seeve has a relatively steady, low water temperature throughout the year of 7 &deg;C and is known as coldest river in northern Germany.</p><br>
<p>Cefn Cil Sanws is a hill in the Brecon Beacons National Park within the county borough of Merthyr Tydfil in south Wales. The summit at 460m above sea level is crowned by a trig point. The steep cliffs of Darren Fawr and Darren Fach defend its western side which drops down into Cwm Taf. A major limestone quarry is worked on the southeastern side of the hill. An unexpected feature at this altitude is Merthyr Tydfil Golf Course which extends high onto the eastern and southern slopes of the hill.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is composed of a layer cake of rocks of Carboniferous age all tilted moderately to the south. The summit is formed from Carboniferous Limestone whilst outcrops of Twrch Sandstone (formerly known as the Basal Grit of the Millstone Grit Series) can be seen to the north and on its steep western flanks. There are sections of limestone pavement on the tilted plateau surface and small crags and pavements of gritstone to their south. The latter show evidence of glacial striations suggesting that the hill was over-ridden by ice moving southwards from the central Beacons during the ice ages.</p><br>
<h2>Plants</h2><br>
<p>Much of the hill is owned and managed by the Brecknock Wildlife Trust as a nature reserve. The steep cliffs of Darren Fach on the western side are the home to Britains rarest tree - Leys Whitebeam (Sorbus leyana) - the larger part of the country&#39;s population of these trees being found on this one cliff. Also of interest is the rare rigid buckler fern which clings to the scree slopes on this western flank.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Most of the hill is open country. A public footpath and a bridleway at its southern end provide access from the A470 road and from Cefn-coed-y-cymmer.</p><br>
<p>Kay Moor, also known as Kaymoor, is the site of an abandoned coal mine, coal processing plant and coal town near Fayetteville, West Virginia. The town site is located in the New River Gorge at Kaymoor Bottom. It is linked to the mine portal 560 ft above on Sewell Bench in the wall of the Gorge by conveyors. The mine exploited the New River Coalfields Sewell Seam of "smokeless" low-volatile bituminous coal, while the town site was accessible only by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroads mainline in the Gorge. The last portion of the Kay Moor complex, Kaymoor Top was located at the Gorge rim and served as the terminus for the mountain haulage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mine property was purchased in 1873 by Abiel Abbot Low, managing director of the Low Moor Iron Company in Low Moor, Virginia, which was to be the mines chief client. The property was kept in reserve until 1899, when the Kay Moor mine was opened to supply coal and coke to the companys blast furnaces. In 1925 the mine was sold to the New River and Pocahontas Consolidated Coal Company, a subsidiary of the Berwind-White Corporation of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The town was named for James Kay, a Low Moor Iron Company employee who was in charge of building the town. Fifty houses were built in 1901, followed by 45 in 1902 and 17 in 1905. A suburb, called New Camp, was built in 1918-1919 with another 19-24 houses, and represents the only extant town site remaining. Kay Moor town&#39;s public facilities were spartan, with no churches, saloons, banks or town hall, only pairs of segregated schools at top and bottom, company stores, a pool hall and a ball field. By 1952 Kaymoor Bottom had been abandoned, and in 1960 most of its structures were destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The mine was connected to the town by a single-track incline which lifted workers and equipment up a 1,000 ft slope at a thirty-degree incline. Coal was moved along a similar double-track incline, which lowered coal to the processing plant and the coke ovens, with the cars or monitors moving in opposite directions and partially counterbalancing each other. Both inclines operated until 1962. Initial operations included 120 coking ovens, which were increased to 202 ovens during World War I. All of the beehive ovens closed in the 1930s, as they had become obsolete.</p><br>
<p>The mine itself was a room and pillar mine that was first worked with mule-drawn railcars. Locomotives later supplanted the mules.</p><br>
<h2>Kay Moor today</h2><br>
<p>The site is now extensively overgrown and obscured by foliage. Structures and machinery have deteriorated due to the corrosive interaction of coal dust and rainwater, while the bench level was salvaged in 1980-81. Despite this, the site retains significant amounts of mining machinery and is considered one of the most complete examples of an integrated coal mine and company town in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The entire Kay Moor site is now located within the boundaries of New River Gorge National River.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting Kay Moor</h2><br>
<p>Kaymoor Top is accessible from Kaymoor No. 1 Road (County Route 9/2). At Kaymoor Top is a trailhead for the Kaymoor Miners Trail, which provides the most direct access to the Kaymoor Mine level (via stairs and switchbacks), and then to Kaymoor Bottom via stairs. The Kaymoor Mine level is also accessible via the 2 mi long, relatively flat, Kaymoor Trail; a trailhead is located on County Route 82.</p><br>
<p>Glenbrook Lagoon is a fresh water lagoon located in Glenbrook, New South Wales at the foot of the Blue Mountains. It is heritage-listed.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Bordered by residential areas on four sides, Glenbrook Lagoon serves as a reminder of the area&#39;s historic bush past.</p><br>
<p>Best known for being discovered by William Lawson, William Wentworth and Gregory Blaxland on their crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1813, the waterhole was later used to cool the engines of the early trains. The lagoon is home to several wetland birds.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the Blue Mountains City Council commenced a lagoon restoration project, removing weed infestations.</p><br>
<h2>Ellis family cottage</h2><br>
<p>The Ellis family lived in the area in the 1940s, running an orchard and garden, in spite of the poor-quality soil. The land was clear at the time, but has now returned to nature after work carried out by the Glenbrook Lagoon Society Bushcare group, Blue Mountains City Council and the Urban Runoff Control Program. The remains of the Ellis family cottage are located a hundred metres north of the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The Mittagskogel  or Kepa  has an elevation of 2,145 m aA, and is thus the third highest mountain in the Karawanks range, after Hochstuhl/Stol and the Vertratscha/Vrtača. It is located on the border between Slovenia and Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The massif consisting of main dolomite and Dachstein limestone beds rises between the Slovene Sava valley in the south and the Austrian Drau basin in the north. Its steep northern face, resembling a rocky pyramid with a rounded summit is a landmark in Carinthia.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is usually climbed from the village of Belca on its Slovenian side. An Alpine club hut, the Berta Hut, located at an elevation of 1,567 m, can be reached from the Austrian municipality of Finkenstein; from here, the normal route leads to the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Mentioned as Copan mons in a 1650 map, the German oronym Mittagskogel (Midday Peak) denotes the position of the sun above the summit at noon. The mountain is also called Jepa in the Carinthian Slovene dialect.</p><br>
<p>Trupejevo Poldne   is a peak in the Western Karawanken Alps, on the border between Slovenia and Austria. From the Slovene side it is accessible from the settlement of Gozd Martuljek via Srednji vrh. From the Austrian side a road from the village of Tetchanting, south of Villach, from which it gets its German name, leads to mountain pastures under the peak. It gets its Slovene name from the Trupej  farmstead to the north of the summit, on the Austrian side. It is visited by hikers and is also suitable for ski touring in winter and spring.</p><br>
<p>The summit offers nice views across the Upper Sava Valley towards Špik in the Julian Alps on the Slovene side and into Carinthia on the Austrian side. Neighbouring peaks in the Karavanke include Maloško Poldne/Mallestiger Mittagskogel (1828 m) and Kepa/Mittagskogel (2143 m) to the east and Mojstrovica (1816 m) and Visoki Kurji vrh (1828 m) to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Carroll County Almshouse and Farm, also known as the Carroll County Farm Museum, is a historic farm complex located at Westminster, Carroll County, Maryland. It consists of a complex of 15 buildings including the main house and dependencies. The 30-room brick main house was originally designed and constructed for use as the county almshouse. It is a long, three-story, rectangular structure, nine bays wide at the first- and second-floor levels of both front and rear façades. It features a simple frame cupola sheltering a farm bell. A separate two-story brick building with 14 rooms houses the original summer kitchen, wash room, and baking room, and may have once housed farm and domestic help. Also on the property is a brick, one-story dairy with a pyramidal roof dominated by a pointed finial of exaggerated height with Victorian Gothic "icing" decorating the eaves; a large frame and dressed stone bank barn; and a blacksmith&#39;s shop, spring house, smokehouse, ice house, and numerous other sheds and dependencies all used as a part of the working farm museum activities. The original Carroll County Almshouse was founded in 1852 and the Farm Museum was established in 1965.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Carroll County Farm Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Carroll County Farm Museum provides the public with the opportunity to experience mid-19th century rural life. It was the first of its kind in Maryland; it opened its doors to the public for the first time on August 13, 1966. Exhibits support the Museum by presenting artifacts with appropriate interpretation, both to show how they once looked, and how they were utilized by farmers and their families in the history of agriculture in Carroll County. Visitors are given the opportunity to explore the collections of horse-powered machines and farm implements used for plowing, planting, and harvesting during the 19th century. The grounds include a croquet lawn, a fish pond, and an heirloom garden. The grounds have hosted the Maryland Wine Festival since 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Mararoa River is one of the braided rivers of the Southland Region of the South Island of New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The river feeds into the Mavora Lakes and discharges into the Waiau River eight kilometres downstream from where it leaves Lake Manapouri. Water from the Mararoa River is fed into the Waiau River by a control structure at the confluence of the two rivers. This is used to control the level of Lake Manapouri for hydroelectric power generation.</p><br>
<p>The river has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of the endangered black-billed gull. Didymo, an invasive organism discovered in New Zealand in 2004, has been found in the river.</p><br>
<p>Greater Chimgan  of the Chatkal Mountain range  is located in the territory of the Ugam-Chatkal National Park, and it is in the Bostanlyk administrative district , Uzbekistan.</p><br>
<p>The Chimgan village was settled 400–500 years ago in the mountain massive of dominant the Greater Chimgan peak (3,309 m), at an altitude of 1,620 m.</p><br>
<p>Some experts see Chinese words in the name "Chimgan" but others translate it as "sod" or "pasture abundant in water, green valley".</p><br>
<p>For generations of those, who live in Tashkent province, the Greater Chimgan is the place of romantic gravitation.</p><br>
<p>Greater Chimgan (3,309m) has been known to mountaineers since the beginning of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>For those who want to experience of rock climbing, hiking and mountaineering Chimgan Highlands caters many opportunities. Chimgan Highlands have been a host for many other outdoor activities such as hang gliding, skiing, snowboarding and horseback riding.</p><br>
<p>For many years the Greater Chimgan was the first challenge for thousands beginners of Soviet mountaineering.</p><br>
<p>A great number of routes of several levels of complexity (from 1B to 4B inclusively) allows a wide spectrum of mountaineering. Beginners at climbing usually take on the uncomplicated western ridge of the Greater Chimgan Mountain (1B), while there are plenty of more complicated routes for experienced climbers.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and seasons</h2><br>
<p>Climatic conditions in Chimgan are determined by the mountainous part of the Ugam-Chatkal National Nature Park. The climate is continental; there are seasonal and daily fluctuations. During the day it is warm, the evenings are cool. Spring comes in April in the mid-mountains; in the high mountains there is snow and cold until midsummer. The highest temperature is in June–July and early-August. Mean daily temperature of the warmest month (July) fluctuates from 20 to 35 degrees Celsius. Average annual precipitation is 650 mm. Heavy snowfall is in winter, which allows skiing and snowboarding. Snow cover lasts for 4–5 months. The frost period lasts about 130 days.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>Chimgan is located 60 km from Gazalkent regional centre and 40 km from Hojikent railway station. The closest airport having international and local importance is in Tashkent, 100 km away. A new expressway from Tashkent to Hojikent is paved with high-quality pavement; in some places there is artificial illumination. Chimgan is further reachable from Gazalkent by public bus (50 min). There are bus routes Chimgan-Gazalkent (time of departure is 6:30 and 13:30) and Gazalkent-Chimgan (10:30 and 14:30). Private cars including taxis can also be used to get there. The road is accessible any time of the year, but in spring there can be limitations because of landslides and mudflows. In winter avalanches make the route dangerous. Alternative means of transportation are helicopters (but their use is limited).</p><br>
<h2>Images from Chimgan</h2><br>
<p>Hagerstown City Park is a public urban park just southwest of the central business district of Hagerstown, Maryland, United States. The park is located at the junction of Virginia Avenue, Key Street, Walnut Street, Prospect Street, and Memorial Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, under pressure from the public, the City of Hagerstown purchased land to be used for the City Park. The Maryland State General Assembly passed a bill creating a five-member Park Commission in 1918. Three years later, a swamp in the park was drained creating Lower Lake. And in 1924, Mr. and Mrs. Singer donated the Washington County Museum of Fine Arts to City Park.</p><br>
<p>City Park has been called "America&#39;s Second Most Beautiful City Park" and has been designated as a local Preservation Design District since 1989. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous walking paths and playgrounds in the park as well as athletic facilities such as lighted tennis courts and a baseball field. An outdoor concert stage which holds city events including part of is located in the center of City Park. Also within the park is Park Plaza, a luxury condominium complex.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, many of Hagerstown&#39;s most visited museums can be found within City Park:</p><br>
<p>Washington County Museum of Fine Arts</p><br>
<p>Mansion House Art Gallery</p><br>
<p>Western Maryland 202 Locomotive Display and Museum</p><br>
<p>Hager House and Museum, once home to Jonathan Hager, founder of Hagerstown.</p><br>
<p>Iulia Valentia Banasa was a Roman city in northern Morocco. It was one of the three colonias in Mauretania Tingitana founded by emperor Augustus between 33 and 25 BC for veterans of the battle of Actium.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Iulia Valentia Banasa was located on the southern bank of the Sebou River on the site now known as Sidi Ali Boujenoun. At the start of the reign of Marcus Aurelius, Banasa became Colonia Aurelia Banasa. In 285 AD, the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana was reduced to the territories located north of the Lixus. Banasa was then abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Among the stone ruins at Iulia Valentia Banasa are some characteristic elements of ancient Roman architecture: a forum with a basilica, capitol and baths, as well as streets in a regular pattern. Many of the buildings date from the early third century AD. Beautiful mosaics decorated the buildings and now most are shown at the Rabat archeological museum</p><br>
<p>The Latin name Valentia means young, strong and may be compared to Valence (France) and Valencia (Spain), also colonies. Augustus founded at least twelve Roman colonias in Mauretania, although it was a client-kingdom and not yet a province of the empire. Some of the other major Roman companion cities to Iulia Valentia Banasa of this early era are Chellah and Volubilis, the latter of which shares the features of basilica and regular street pattern.</p><br>
<p>Objects recovered at Banasa may be seen at the Rabat Archaeological Museum.</p><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam Number 1 is a hydroelectric dam on the Ocoee River in Polk County in the USA state of Tennessee. The dam impounds the 1,930 acre Parksville Reservoir , and is the farthest downstream of four dams on the Toccoa/Ocoee River owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. Completed in 1911, Ocoee No. 1 was one of the first hydroelectric projects in Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee No. 1 is located approximately 12 mi upstream from the mouth of the Ocoee, in an area where the river emerges from its winding trek through the Appalachian Mountains and enters the Tennessee Valley. The community of Parksville is located on the north side of the dam, and the city of Chattanooga is roughly 30 mi to the west. The Ocoee Scenic Byway&mdash; part of USA Route 64&mdash; passes just north of the dam. Parksville Lake extends for several miles eastward up the Ocoee and several miles southward up Baker Creek, which once emptied into the Ocoee just upstream from the dam. Ocoee Dam No. 2 is located just over 12 mi upstream from Ocoee No. 1.</p><br>
<h2>Capacity</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee No. 1 is 135 ft high and 840 ft long, and has a generating capacity of 24,000, up from an original 19,200 kilowatts after being refurbished in 1989-1991. Parksville Lake has 109 mi of shoreline and the lake&#39;s water levels fluctuate by just 9 ft per year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rapid growth of industry in Chattanooga in the late 19th century and early 20th century brought an increasing demand for electricity, and the rapid-flowing Ocoee River&mdash; which slices through a gorge in the mountains 30 mi east of the city&mdash; was considered a prime candidate for hydroelectric power by the region&#39;s early electric companies. In 1910, the C.M. Clark Company, an electrical transportation holding firm, formed the Eastern Tennessee Power Company to build two hydroelectric dams on the Ocoee, and market their electricity output primarily to Chattanooga. Work on Ocoee Dam No. 1 began later that year, and was completed in late December 1911. By January 27, 1912, electricity from Ocoee Dam No. 1 was flowing into Chattanooga.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the Eastern Tennessee Power Company and several other entities merged to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which overhauled Ocoee No. 1 in the 1930s. In 1933, the TVA Act created the Tennessee Valley Authority and gave the Authority oversight of the Tennessee River watershed, which includes the Ocoee River. The head of TEPCO, Jo Conn Guild, was vehemently opposed to the creation of TVA, and with the help of attorney Wendell Willkie, challenged the constitutionality of the TVA Act in federal court. The USA Supreme Court upheld the TVA Act, however, in its 1939 decision Tennessee Electric Power Company v. TVA. On August 16, 1939, TEPCO was forced to sell its assets to TVA for $78 million, which included $2.68 million for Ocoee Dam No. 1.</p><br>
<p>Cerro la Campana, the Bell mountain, is a mountain in La Campana National Park in central Chile.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific and the mountain Aconcagua are visible from the summit on clear days.</p><br>
<p>Due to the area&#39;s expanding human population, considerable deforestation occurred on the previously heavily wooded areas of this mountain from approximately 1900 AD onwards. One of the significant tree species extant on Cerro La Campana is the Chilean Wine Palm, Jubaea chilensis; this endangered palm prehistorically had a much wider distribution.</p><br>
<p>When the second survey voyage of HMS Beagle arrived at Valparaiso on 23 July 1834, Charles Darwin took residence ashore to explore the area. On 14 August he obtained horses and set off with a companion "on a geological excursion" to the base of the Andes. They reached the Hacienda de San Isidro, sited at the foot of Cerro La Campana, and on the morning of 16 August after being given a guide and fresh horses they began their ascent. In his notes on the vegetation seen on the way up, including a sort of bamboo, he described the process by which sap resembling honey was obtained from the palms. In the evening they camped at a spring named the Agua del Guanaco, then on the next morning climbed the "rough mass" of fragmented greenstone to the summit, where they spent the day. A plaque on the path to the top commemorates Darwin&#39;s ascent. Darwin enjoyed the day thoroughly, writing "Chile & its boundaries the Andes & the Pacifick were seen as in a Map..... Who can avoid admiring the wonderful force which has upheaved these mountains, & even more so the countless ages which it must have required to have broken through, removed & levelled whole masses of them?" All over the mountain he had seen attempts at gold mining, and even on the summit a small pit had been excavated. After another evening talking round their camp fire, they descended on the following day by a different route to the Hacienda, and continued on to Quillota on their way to Santiago.</p><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam Number 2 is a hydroelectric dam on the Ocoee River in Polk County in the USA state of Tennessee. The dam impounds the Ocoee No. 2 Reservoir and is one of four dams on the Toccoa/Ocoee River owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. Ocoee Dam No. 2&mdash; which was completed in 1913&mdash; is perhaps most notable for its design, which utilizes a wooden flume that carries water from the reservoir down the side of the Ocoee Gorge to the dams powerhouse 5 mi downstream. Ocoee No. 2 is also situated at the center of one of the nations top whitewater rafting locations, and the dam&#39;s releases help to maintain consistent rapids on the river during warmer months.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam No. 2 is located 24 mi above the mouth of the Ocoee River, near the center of the Ocoee Gorge, a steep-sided valley sliced as the Ocoee winds its way westward through the Appalachian Mountains. Ocoee No. 2 is 12 mi upstream from Ocoee Dam No. 1 and 5 mi downstream from Ocoee Dam No. 3. The flume connecting Ocoee Dam No. 2 to its powerhouse winds its way along the cliffs overlooking the south side of the gorge before dropping the water to the powerhouse 5 mi downstream from the dam. The dam and reservoir are surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest, and the only major road access is provided via the Ocoee Scenic Byway, a section of USA Route 64.</p><br>
<h2>Capacity</h2><br>
<p>Ocoee Dam No. 2 is a rock-filled crib-type dam 30 ft high and 450 ft long. The two units at the powerhouse downstream from the dam have a generating capacity of 23,100 kilowatts. The dam typically schedules major recreational releases on weekends in spring and fall and five days per week in summer months.</p><br>
<p>The dam&#39;s flume consists of a wooden trough situated upon a shelf carved out of the cliffside. The trough carries the water to a point just above the powerhouse where it drops the water 250 ft through two large steel pipes to the powerhouse below. Without this flume system, the dam (at just 30 feet high) would be practically useless as a power plant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The growth of industry in Chattanooga some 30 mi west of the Ocoee River in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries required large amounts of electric power. Several private entities attempted to meet this demand by building dams that could produce hydroelectricity. In 1910, a group of financiers formed the Eastern Tennessee Power Company to use the Ocoee&#39;s hydro-power potential. ETPC completed Ocoee Dam No. 1 in late 1911, and work began on Ocoee Dam No. 2 the following year.</p><br>
<p>To build the dam, ETPC constructed a wooden "crib" made of 10 ft by 10 ft timbers, and filled the crib with stone. ETPC engineers realized that if the dam were built at the ideal powerhouse site, it would be unable to utilize the potential energy from the five-mile stretch immediately upstream in which the river drops 250 ft in elevation. Engineers solved this dilemma by constructing the 5 mi flume on the cliffs above the river gorge, which allows just a 19 ft drop in the water level from the point at which it exits the reservoir to the point at which it spills through the pipes into the powerhouse below. At 14 ft by 11 ft, the flume was unusually large for its day. The dam was completed in 1913, and its two generators went online in October of that year.</p><br>
<h3>TVA</h3><br>
<p>In 1922, Eastern Tennessee Power merged with several other entities to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO). TEPCO maintained Ocoee Dam No. 2 until 1939, when a USA Supreme Court decision forced the company to sell its assets to the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been established to oversee flood control and development in the greater Tennessee River valley. The $78 million TVA paid for TEPCO included $2.59 million for Ocoee Dam No. 2.</p><br>
<p>TVA made several improvements to the dam in the 1940s which increased the dams generating capacity by 15%. The dams basic diversion design was used by TVA in the construction of Ocoee Dam No. 3 several miles upstream in 1942. By 1976, Ocoee No. 2&#39;s flume had deteriorated, and TVA decided to shut it down. To prevent it from being dismantled, several preservationist groups had the dam and flume placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. TVA renovated the flume with treated wood, and placed it back in operation in 1983. A propane-powered tram was built above the flume to allow authorities to inspect it.</p><br>
<p>The John W. Elliott House is a historic house in Eutaw, Alabama. The Creole cottage style structure was built in 1850 by Jesse Gibson for John Williams Elliott, a watchmaker and jeweler. Elliott was born in 1814 in Litchfield County, Connecticut. He migrated to Eutaw around 1840. Elliott married Louisa Elizabeth Towner, a teacher and native of Rutland County, Vermont, in 1843. They had three children, all born and raised in Eutaw. Louisa died in 1853. John then married Blanche Smith Chapman, a native of Virginia, in 1858. The Elliott family left Eutaw prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War and relocated to Brooklyn, New York, where John Elliott died in 1888. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Antebellum Homes in Eutaw Thematic Resource on April 2, 1982, due to its architectural significance. It has been moved elsewhere since listing. The site is now a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Ormond Mound is a Pre-Columbian burial mound of the St. Johns culture, in Ormond Beach, Volusia County, Florida, US.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Ormond Mound (a burial mound can be classified as an earthwork or conical mound and is defined as a heap of earth placed over prehistoric tombs or remains ) has been preserved as an intact burial mound in eastern Florida. The site was turned into a City Park in 1982 due to the efforts of the community.In 1982, the owner of the property that the mound was constructed on wanted the mound removed. Controversy surfaced in the community as the property owner attempted to level the land in order to build a house. As a result of public outrage; the community’s and Volusia Anthropological Society&#39;s demand for the site to be classified as a historical monument, the Ormond Mound and surrounding area was purchased by the city. Government officials hired archaeologists in an effort to validate who built the site and for what purpose. The archaeologists concluded that the mound was constructed by Timucuan Indians, also identified as the St. Johns people. The Timucuan were inhabitants of the area before European settlers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It has been estimated that over 100 individual burials are in Ormond Mound, based on salvage excavations that were conducted in 1982. As more bodies were deposited into the area and were covered with sand and other minerals, the earthwork took its "distinctive mounded appearance".</p><br>
<p>A charnel house, a structure used to store bodies prior to burial, was located near the Ormond Mound. These structures were separate from the village</p><br>
<p>After the bodies dried away, the charnel house priest would end up with individual sets of cleaned bones. Each set of bones was bundled up and buried in mounds during special ceremonies. This method accounts for the many skeletons found in burial mounds.</p><br>
<p>The James B. Duke House is a mansion located at 1 East 78th Street, on the northeast corner at Fifth Avenue, in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. The house is one of the great extant mansions from "Millionaire&#39;s Row". It was built for James Buchanan Duke, who was one of the founding partners of American Tobacco Company and the owner of Duke Power. The building has housed the New York University Institute of Fine Arts since 1952.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect Horace Trumbauer&#39;s design of the house drew heavily upon the Hôtel Labottière (1773), Bordeaux, by the Bordeaux architect Etienne Laclotte, architect of numerous hôtels particuliers in Bordeaux. The similar treatment of the central bay with its recessed entrance and window on the piano nobile, and the channeled rustication are particularly salient features shared by both urban town houses.</p><br>
<p>Construction was completed in 1912, and the three members of the Duke family—James B., his wife Nanaline, and their daughter Doris—lived there with their staff part of the year. In 1952, Nanaline and Doris donated the building to New York University&#39;s Institute of Fine Arts.</p><br>
<p>Robert Venturi renovated the building for academic use in 1958. The main reception rooms on the ground floor retain many of the original furnishings and decorations, while the Institutes library and faculty offices have colonized the eight bedrooms of the second floor and the servants quarters on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>A Landmarks of New York plaque was erected in 1959 by the New York Community Trust. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The engagement party scene in the film Arthur was filmed here in 1980/81. In March 2007, the pilot for the ABC drama Dirty Sexy Money was filmed here.</p><br>
<p>The Janss Investment Company Building, also known as the Janss Dome, is a historic building in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, in the Westwood Village. The building is located at the five-way intersection of Westwood Boulevard, Kinross Avenue, and Broxton Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the Janss Dome was the first building erected in the Mediterranean-themed Westwood Village. It housed the headquarters of the Janss Investment Company run by the Janss brothers, Edwin and Harold Janss, who were the developers of the village. The village was built as a shopping and cinema precinct to serve the adjacent University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The second floor of the Janss building was the first male dormitory for UCLA students.</p><br>
<p>The Janss Dome was designed by the architectural firm of Allison & Allison, who also designed UCLA’s Royce Hall and Kerckhoff Hall. Architectural features of the building include a high portico and arched windows with the main part of the building having an octagonal shape and being surmounted by its signature dome with its Moorish style aqua and white zig-zag pattern and gold leafing. Atop the dome is a cupola. This dome ranks alongside the white Spanish Revival/Moderne tower of the Fox Theater as an iconic landmark of Westwood Village.</p><br>
<p>Around the beginning of the 1990s renowned architectural firm Morphosis adapted the dome for use as a clothing store by Contempo Casuals, and later it was occupied by a Wherehouse Music store. In 1998 restaurateur Michael Chow remodeled the interior for a Eurochow restaurant but had the time-honored aqua and white zig-zag on the rotunda painted over in white. This caused the Westwood Design Review Board to order that the dome be restored to its traditional decoration. The Janss Dome housed a Japanese restaurant, Yamato, until June 2016, but currently remains vacant.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the Paramount Securities Corporation, (Michael & Elliot Lewis), purchased the</p><br>
<p>property from Bank of America.The property,(Dome section), was leased to Glendale Federal</p><br>
<p>Savings and Loan.A Cupola was placed on the dome,and an original Sir Richard Wallace fountain,dated 1872,(French)was added to the patio.</p><br>
<p>The Janss Investment Company Building was dedicated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument on June 21, 1988 (No. 364).</p><br>
<p>The Monti della Meta are a massif of central Italy located around the junction point of the boundaries between the regions of Lazio, Abruzzo and Molise. The major of three massifs of the Parco Nazionale d&#39;Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, they take their name from one of the peaks, Monte Meta.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The massif covers a map area of about 93.29 km&sup2, with a minimum altitude of 450 m, a maximum altitude of 2,249 m and a mean altitude of 1,000 m.</p><br>
<p>All the highest peaks (including the Monte Petroso, 2,247 m, Monte Cavallo, 2,039 m and Monte Mare, 2,020 m) show traces of Quaternary glaciation. Valleys in the chain include those of the Melfa and Mollarino rivers in the province of Frosinone, and the Rio Torto in the province of L&#39;Aquila.</p><br>
<p>The southern part of the massif, on the boundary between Molise and Lazio, is the Monti delle Mainarde. Here, historically, the human presence has been not seasonal as in the highest slopes.</p><br>
<p>Homosassa River is a 7.7 mi river in Citrus County, Florida, in the western part of the state. Its headwaters are the Homosassa Springs, and from there it flows west into the Gulf of Mexico. The river is home to common bottlenose dolphins, West Indian manatees, alligator snapping turtles, nine-banded armadillos, snakes, birds, eastern box turtles, oysters, raccoons, American alligators, Virginia opossums, North American river otters and many species of both freshwater and saltwater fish. The Homosassa River is an estuary, which means that as it moves inland, it changes from salt water to fresh very gradually, and the river is brackish. The river is good for canoeing and kayaking.</p><br>
<h2>Monkey Island</h2><br>
<p>Monkey Island is a small island in the Homosassa River next to the Homosassa Riverside Resort and downtown "Old" Homosassa Florida. The island was originally created when G. A. Furgason, a developer of the Homosassa area, hired a dragline operator to create the island from a pile of rocks submerged during high tide in order to keep boats from running aground. The island derives its name from the monkeys relocated to the island from the Homosassa Springs Wildlife Park in the 1960s. The monkeys were moved from the park due "problematic" behavior, including stealing candy, entering cars, and biting visitors. The river acts as a natural fence because the monkeys prefer not to swim. Currently five spider monkeys inhabit the island, three of which are from the original relocation. The island contains a lighthouse, Cedar trees, and a monkey "playground".</p><br>
<p>White House Farm is a historic home located at Kennedyville, Kent County, Maryland, United States. The oldest section of the -story stuccoed brick house was built in 1721. The house is located on an elevated site, within an informally landscaped yard which retains evidence of historic terracing. Also on the property is a late-19th-century brick dairy.</p><br>
<p>White House Farm was built in 1721 by Daniel Perkins who was a miller and stone cutter, newly arrived from New Hampshire. He arrived in Kent County in 1710 and obtained the milling rights to dam the West branch of Morgan Creek. Remnants of this dam are still visible from Rt 213. He not only built a small house there with the flour mill but also a sawmill and a fulling mill. After acquiring more property in 1720, he began building the larger brick home up on the hill for his family, over-looking his mills.</p><br>
<p>The White House Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The White House Farm was purchased by a 9th generation, direct descendant of Daniel Perkins and operates as a USDA Certified Organic Farm. This farm with its white house, is sometimes confused with Historic Stepney Manor in Chestertown, MD which was also painted white, for visibility, at some point in time.</p><br>
<p>The E. Clarke and Julia Arnold House is a Frank Lloyd Wright designed Usonian home in Columbus, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<p>The Arnold house occupies a large site on the west edge of the city of Columbus and overlooks the farmlands to the west. It was built in 1955-1956 for E. Clarke Arnold, a successful Columbus attorney, his wife, Julia, and their growing family, from a design supplied by Frank Lloyd Wright. The Arnolds, like so many of Wright&#39;s clients, came to him for a house of their own after seeing a house he had designed for friends, in this case, for Patrick and Margaret Kinney, whose stone-clad Lancaster, Wisconsin house Wright designed in 1951.</p><br>
<p>This low one-story home is built of Wisconsin limestone, redwood board and batten, and glass. It is one of Wright&#39;s diamond module homes, a form he used in the Patrick Kinney House, the Richard Smith House and a number of other homes he designed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In this design, all the angles are either 60°or 120°, forming equilateral parallelogram modules having 4 ft sides. It was originally built with two wings set at 120° angles which gave the house a V-shaped plan with a living room wing, a bedroom wing, and a central core that contained the fireplace mass, kitchen, and utilities. This home featured a twist on the usual Usonian color scheme with Golden ocher floors instead of the signature "Cherokee Red."</p><br>
<p>Within three years of completion, the arrival of twins necessitated the construction of a second bedroom wing. Wright approved this wing in 1959 and the plans were in preparation when he died in April of that year. Wright apprentice and Taliesin Fellow John H. Howe drafted a second, partly revised design, which established the final Y-shaped plan of the house.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1953 and completed in 1954, the John and Syd Dobkins House is one of three Wright-designed Usonian houses in Canton, Ohio. Located farther east than the Nathan Rubin Residence and the Ellis A. Feiman House, it is set back from the road, has tall, thin casement windows and prominent doors that rise to nearly the roofline. Its distinctive geometric design module based upon an equilateral triangle reflects Wright&#39;s Usonian design philosophy.</p><br>
<p>An apprentice came from Taliesin to oversee construction of the houses in Canton. That was standard operating procedure for Wright. It was also standard that he would get a topographical map of a site before he began a design. The house was built on a five-acre parcel that was once a cornfield. Along with a design for the house, Wright created an ingenious planting plan for the property which featured 14 pin oak trees planted in perfect relation to the structure.</p><br>
<p>Losap is an atoll located in the Eastern Islands or Upper Mortlock Islands group in the outer islands region of the state of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia. It is located 81 km to the SE of Chuuk.</p><br>
<p>Losap is also the name of one of the four islands in the atoll. There are 3 villages in Losap: Pekias, Sotiw, and Lukan which also have groups in the villages.</p><br>
<h2>Linguistics</h2><br>
<p>The outer islands have different ways of saying Chuukese words; their accent is different from the Chuuk Lagoon people.</p><br>
<p>For example, these are the way some of the islands have different pronunciations or completely different words.</p><br>
<p>Lagoon People: sile Losap: kile English: knowledge</p><br>
<p>lagoon people: oput Losap: amwusak English: hate</p><br>
<p>lagoon people: emenimen Losap: amelimel English: Smile</p><br>
<h2>Villages and groups</h2><br>
